CSE-141: Structured Programming
Lecture 02: Introduction to Structured Programming
Instructor
Md. Sabir Hossain
Lecturer
Dept. of CSE, CUET
Mobile: 01737143868/01882826575
Email:
[email protected] Acknowledgment: Most of the content of this slide is adopted from different books and internet
Recap
• Software Development Life Cycle
• Definition: Computer Programming
• Programming Paradigms
– The imperative paradigm (Structured/Procedural Programming)
– The functional paradigm
– The logical paradigm
– The object-oriented paradigm
• Structured Programming Basic
• Elements of Structured Programming
– Control Structures, Subroutines and Blocks
• Comparative Study of Programming Paradigms
Software Development Life Cycle
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Languages by Paradigm
• Imperative (also called Structured or
Procedural) Programming
– FORTRAN, BASIC, COBOL, Pascal, C
• Object-Oriented Programming
– SmallTalk, C++, Java
• Functional Programming
– LISP, ML, Haskell
• Logic Programming
– Prolog, CHIP (programming language), Ciao
(programming language), CLACL, CycL
Differences
• Difference among Procedural, Structural and Object
Oriented Programming languages
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Outlines
• Programming Languages
• Categories
• Translators: Compiler Vs Interpreter
• What is C?
• Application-Why Use C?
• History of C
• The C Development Cycle
• C Compilation Environment
• An Example of C Program
6
Learning Outcomes
• At the end of the lecture students will able to
– Distinguish among different categories of
Programming Languages
– Explain the working procedure of different translators
– Explain the history, features, applications of C
Programming Language
– Understand the C Program development cycle
– Write program in C language
Programming Languages
Evolution of Prog. Lang
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Categories
Programming Languages
• There are three categories of programming
languages:
– Machine languages
– Assembly languages
– High-level languages
• Machine languages and assembly languages
are also called low-level languages
• Some understandable directly by computers
• Others require “translation” steps (Translator)
Language Translators
Machine language
• A Machine language program consists of a
sequence of zeros and ones.
– Each kind of CPU has its own machine language
– E.g. Add var1 and var2 and store result in var1
• Advantages
– Fast and efficient 8086 Machine language program for
– Machine oriented var1 = var1 + var2 ;
– No translation required 1010 0001 0000 0000 0000 0000
0000 0011 0000 0110 0000 0000 0000 0010
1010 0011 0000 0000 0000 0000
• Disadvantages
– Not portable
– Not programmer friendly
Assembly Language
• Assembly language programs use
mnemonics to represent machine instructions
• Each statement in assembly language
corresponds to one statement in machine
language
• Assembly language programs have the same
advantages and disadvantages as machine
language programs.
Assembly Language
• Translators programs called “Assemblers” to
convert assembly language programs to
machine language.
• Compare the following machine language and
assembly language programs:
8086 Machine language program for 8086 Assembly program
var1 = var1 + var2 ; for
var1 = var1 + var2 ;
1010 0001 0000 0000 0000 0000 MOV AX , var1
0000 0011 0000 0110 0000 0000 0000 0010 ADD AX , var2
1010 0011 0000 0000 0000 0000 MOV var1 , AX
High-Level Programming
Languages
• To speed up programming even further
• Single statements for accomplishing substantial
tasks
• Translator programs called “Compilers”/
“Interpreter” to convert high-level programs into
machine language
• A HLL language program consists of English-
like statements that are governed by a strict
syntax.
High-Level Programming
Languages
• A high-level language (HLL) has two primary
components
– (1) a set of built-in language primitives and
grammatical rules
– (2) a translator (Compiler/Interpreter)
• Examples : C, C++, Java, FORTRAN, Visual
Basic, and Delphi.
High-Level Programming
Languages
• Advantages
– Portable or machine independent
– Programmer-friendly
• Disadvantages
– Not as efficient as low-level languages
– Need to be translated
Where you are?
What is C?
C
A language written by Brian Kernighan
and Dennis Ritchie.
This was to be the language that UNIX
was written in to become the first
"portable" language
In recent years C has been used as a general-
purpose language because of its popularity with
programmers.
History of C at a glance
History
• In 1972 Dennis Ritchie at Bell Labs writes C
and in 1978 the publication of The C
Programming Language by Kernighan &
Ritchie caused a revolution in the computing
world
• In 1983, the American National Standards
Institute (ANSI) established a committee to
provide a modern, comprehensive definition of
C. The resulting definition, the ANSI standard, or
"ANSI C", was completed late 1988.
History of C
• Evolved from two previous languages
– BCPL , B
• BCPL (Basic Combined Programming Language)
used for writing OS & compilers
• B used for creating early versions of UNIX OS
• Both were “typeless” languages
• C language evolved from B (Dennis Ritchie – Bell
labs)
** Typeless – no datatypes. Every data item occupied 1 word in memory.
History of C
• Hardware independent
• Programs portable to most computers
• Dialects of C
– Common C
– ANSI C
• ANSI/ ISO 9899: 1990
• Called American National Standards Institute ANSI C
• Case-sensitive
Features of C
Application - Why use C?
• Mainly because it produces code that runs
nearly as fast as code written in assembly
language. Some examples of the use of C might
be:
– Operating Systems
– Language Compilers
– Assemblers
– Text Editors
– Print Spoolers
– Network Drivers
– Modern Programs
– Data Bases
– Language Interpreters
– Utilities
Mainly because of the portability that writing standard C
programs can offer
Why C Still Useful?
• C provides:
– Efficiency, high performance and high quality s/ws
– flexibility and power
– many high-level and low-level operations middle
level
– Stability and small size code
– Provide functionality through rich set of function
libraries
– Gateway for other professional languages like C C+
+ Java
Why C is Middle Level Language ?
Why C is Middle Level Language ?
Why C is Middle Level Language ?
• C Programming Supports Inline Assembly Language
Programs
• Using inline assembly language feature in C we can
directly access system registers
• C Programming is used to access memory directly using
pointer
• Combines features of high level language and
functionality of assembly language
• Well suited for writing both application software and
system software
C Standard Library
• Two parts to learning the “C” world
– Learn C itself
– Take advantage of rich collection of existing functions
called C Standard Library
• Avoid reinventing the wheel
• Software reusability
The C Development Cycle
Edit
Program
Source
Code
Compile
Object
Code
Library Link Object
Files Code Executable
Basics of C Environment
• Development environment has 6 phases
– Edit
– Pre-processor
– Compile
– Link
– Load
– Execute
Basics of C Environment
Program edited in
Phase 1 Editor Disk Editor and stored
on disk
Preprocessor
Phase 2 Preprocessor Disk program processes
the code
Creates object code
Phase 3 Compiler Disk and stores on disk
Links object code
Phase 4 Linker Disk with libraries and
stores on disk
Basics of C Environment
Primary memory
Puts program in
Phase 5 Loader memory
Primary memory
Takes each instruction
Phase 6 CPU and executes it storing
new data values
Simple C Program
/* A first C Program*/
#include <stdio.h>
void main()
{
printf("Hello World \n");
}
Simple C Program
• Line 1: #include <stdio.h> /* A first C Program*/
#include <stdio.h>
• As part of compilation, the C compiler runs
void main()
a program called the C preprocessor. The
preprocessor is able to add and remove {
code from your source file. printf("Hello World \n");
• In this case, the directive #include tells }
the preprocessor to include code from the
file stdio.h.
• This file contains declarations for functions
that the program needs to use. A
declaration for the printf function is in this
file.
Simple C Program
• Line 2: void main() /* A first C Program*/
#include <stdio.h>
• This statement declares the main
void main()
function.
{
• A C program can contain many functions
printf("Hello World \n");
but must always have one main function.
• A function is a self-contained module of }
code that can accomplish some task.
• Functions are examined later.
• The "void" specifies the return type of
main. In this case, nothing is returned to
the operating system.
Simple C Program
• Line 3: { /* A first C Program*/
#include <stdio.h>
• This opening bracket denotes void main()
the start of the program. {
printf("Hello World \n");
}
Simple C Program
• Line 4: printf("Hello World From /* A first C Program*/
About\n");
#include <stdio.h>
• Printf is a function from a standard C library void main()
that is used to print strings to the standard {
output, normally your screen. printf("Hello World \n");
• The compiler links code from these standard
}
libraries to the code you have written to
produce the final executable.
• The "\n" is a special format modifier that
tells the printf to put a line feed at the end of
the line.
• If there were another printf in this program,
its string would print on the next line.
Simple C Program
• Line 5: } /* A first C Program*/
• This closing bracket denotes #include <stdio.h>
the end of the program. void main()
{
printf("Hello World \n");
}
Thank You
• Allah Hafez
