16ME206T

16ME206T –– Fluid
Fluid Mechanics
Mechanics and
and
Fluid
Fluid Machinery
Machinery

Impact
Impact of
of Jets
Jets

Dr. Rajesh Patel

B Abhinaya Srinivas
School of Technology
Pandit Deendayal Petroleum University
 Introduction
“Jet refers to a stream of fluid emerging from a nozzle.”

When a steady jet of water impinging upon a solid surface,

there is rebound as in case of impact of two solid bodies.
However, on reaching to surface it transforms into a thin stream
that guides along the surface and leaves tangentially.

The force is exerted by jet on solid body which is

obtained from the Newton’s second law of motion or
impulse-momentum principle.
 Impulse-Momentum Principle
“According to impulse-momentum principle, state of rest or uniform motion of a body changes in the
direction of an externally applied force, and that the magnitude of the force equals to the rate of change
of momentum”

d dv dm
F  
mv  m  v
dt dt dt
For constant mass dm = 0. change in momentum may occurs due to a change in the magnitude of
velocity or in its direction or due to both.

dv m
F m   v2  v1 
dt t

“According to Newton's third law of motion, action and reaction are equal and opposite, therefore, the
force exerted by fluid on the body is;

F   m  v2  v1    Q  v1  v2 
 Impact of Jet on Stationary Surface
Assumptions:

 Stationary surface or plate is smooth (friction is very small)

 No loss of energy due to impact of jet
 Jet will move over the plate after striking with velocity equal to initial
velocity
 Negligible variation in elevation of incoming and out going jet.
 Uniform distribution of velocity
 Pressure is atmospheric everywhere
Impact of jet on plane surface perpendicular to the jet:

A jet of water impinges on fixed vertical plane, which after

striking will get deflected through 90.

After striking, the component of velocity in the direction

of jet will be zero and the force exerted by the jet on the
flat surface (vane) is given by;

Fx  m  v1  v2    av  v  0 

Fx   av 2 
 Impact of Jet on Stationary Surface
Impact of jet on plane surface inclined to the jet:

A jet of water impinges on surface which is inclined at

an angle  to the jet.
The jet velocity can be resolved into two components, one
normal to the surface and other parallel to surface. Since
the water leaves tangentially, there is no component of
force in that direction after impingement;
The normal force or thrust on the surface is given by;
Fn  m  v1  v2    av  v sin   0 

Fn   av 2 sin 
The normal force is resolved into two components, one parallel to jet (F x) and other perpendicular to jet
(Fy)
Fx  Fn .sin    av 2 sin  .sin    av 2 sin 2  If  = 90 , then jet impinges
to surface normally
 av 2
Fy  Fn .cos    av sin  .cos  
2
sin 2 Fn  Fx   av 2 and Fy  0
2
 Impact of Jet on Stationary Surface
Impact of jet on plane surface inclined to the jet:
As the jet strikes to the plate, it gets divided into two portions Q 1
and Q2, which can be determined as follows.
Resolving forces (impulse-momentum) in the tangential direction to
plate;
 Impact of Jet on Stationary Surface
Impact of jet on curved surface normally at Center:
Jet strikes horizontally at the center of the curved surface on
concave side and it gets divided, glided over the surface, and
leaves the vane tangentially with same velocity (v)

The velocity at outlet can of the plate can be resolved into

two components, one in the direction of jet and other
perpendicular to jet.
Force exerted by the jet in the direction of the jet is given by;

Fx   av v   v cos      av 2  1  cos  

Force exerted by the jet in the direction normal to the jet is
given by;

Fy   av  0  v sin      av 2 sin 

1. If  = 90, jet gets deflected through 90 as in case of flat plate

2. when  = 0, the vane becomes semicircular and jets coming off outlet tips
are parallel and reverse in direction to striking jet.
Fx  2  av 2  2 x force on flat plate
 Impact of Jet on Stationary Surface
Impact of jet on curved surface tangentially :
Jet enters and leave the vane (Blade) tangentially. Let  = inlet angle of the blade and  = outlet
angle of the blade.

While moving over the blade, jet exerts some force

on the vane.

Two velocity components at the inlet of the blade can

be written as;.

vix  v cos  and viy  v sin 

Two velocity components at the exit of the blade can
be written as;.

vox  v cos  and voy  v sin 

Force exerted by the jet in the direction of x and y can be written by;

Fx   av v cos    v cos      av 2  cos   cos   If  = , symmetric blade

Fy   av  v sin   v sin     av 2  sin   sin   Fx  2  av 2 cos  Fy  0

 Impact of Jet on Moving Surfaces

Impact of jet on a stationary surface is of academic interest only, since no useful work is produced. For
generation of power, the force due to impact of jet has to be employed to produce work and for that
moving surface to be used instead of stationary.
Impact of Jet on Flat Plate Moving in the Direction of Jet:
Consider a jet of water impinging normally on a flat plate, as a result, plate moves in the direction of
jet as shown in figure.
Let v = jet velocity and u = velocity of plate as a impact of jet.

In this case, jet doesn’t strike the plate with absolute velocity
“v”, but it strikes with relative velocity (v-u).
The mass of water striking the plate per
second can be written as;
m   a  v  u 
Force exerted by the jet on moving plate in the direction of jet
can be written as;

Fx  m  vi  v f    a  v  u   v  u   0    a  v  u 
2

Work done by jet can be written as;

WD  Fx . u
 Impact of Jet on Moving Surfaces
Impact of Jet on Flat Plate Moving in the Direction of Jet:

Kinetic energy of the jet can be written as;

1 2 1 1
KE    . av.v 2   av 3
mv
2 2 2
Efficiency of the process can be given as;

O / P WD
 
I / P KE

 a  v  u  .u 2  v  u  .u
2 2

 
1 v 3
 av 3

For given jet velocity, the condition of the maximum efficiency d

in terms of blade velocity can be written as; 0
du
 Impact of Jet on Moving Surfaces
Impact of Jet on Flat Plate Moving in the Direction of Jet:

   .u   0
2
d 2 v  u
 3

du  v 


 v  u   v  3u   0
v  u or v  3u
v
The condition of maximum efficiency is u Because if uv the work done by jet will be
3 zero

4
. av3
27 8
Maximum efficiency; max    29.62%
1 27
. av 3
2
 Impact of Jet on Moving Surfaces
Impact of Jet on Inclined Flat Plate Moving in the Direction of Jet:
Consider a jet of water impinging normally on a plate inclined at an angle  with jet axis, as a result,
plate moves in the direction of jet as shown in figure.

The mass of water striking the plate per second can be

written as;

m   a  v  u 

Force exerted by the jet on moving plate in the direction

normal to the plate jet can be written as;

Fn  m  vi  v f    a  v  u   v  u  sin   0    a  v  u  sin 

2

Force exerted by the jet in the direction of x and y can be written by;

Fx  Fn .sin    a  v  u  sin 2 
2

Fy  Fn .cos    a  v  u  sin  .cos 

2
 Impact of Jet on Moving Surfaces
Impact of Jet on Inclined Flat Plate Moving in the Direction of Jet:

Work done by jet can be written as;

WD  Fx . u   a  v  u  sin 2  . u
2

Kinetic energy of the jet can be written as;

1 2 1 1
KE    . av.v 2   av 3
mv
2 2 2

O / P WD
 
I / P KE

 a  v  u  sin 2  . u 2  v  u  sin 2  . u
2 2

 
1 v 3
 av 3

2
 Impact of Jet on Moving Surfaces
Impact of Jet on Curved Plate Moving in the Direction of Jet:
Consider a jet of water impinging normally on a plate inclined at an angle 
with jet axis, as a result, plate moves in the direction of jet as shown in
figure.
The mass of water striking the plate per second
can be written as;

m   a  v  u 

Force exerted by the jet on moving plate in the

direction of the jet can be written as;

Fx  m  vi  v f    a  v  u   v  u    v  u  cos  

Fx   a  v  u   1  cos  
2
 Impact of Jet on Moving Surfaces

Impact of Jet on Inclined Surface Moving in the Direction of Jet:

Work done by jet can be written as;

WD  Fx . u   a  v  u   1  cos   . u
2

Kinetic energy of the jet can be written as;

1 2 1 1
KE    . av.v 2   av 3
mv
2 2 2

O / P WD
 
I / P KE

 a  v  u   1  cos   . u 2  v  u   1  cos   .u
2 2

 
1 v 3
 av 3

2
 Impact of Jet on Moving Surfaces
Impact of Jet on Inclined Surface Moving in the Direction of Jet:

For given jet velocity, the condition of the maximum

efficiency in terms of blade velocity can be written as;

d
0
du

    1  cos   .u   0
2
d 2 v  u
 3

du  v 

v
u
3

For maximum efficiency the blade velocity should

be one third of jet velocity
Impact of Jet on Asymmetric Curved Plate When
Jet Striking Tangentially at One End
Impact of Jet on Asymmetric Curved Plate When
Jet Striking Tangentially at One End

V1-U1= Vr1 relative velocity

For smooth vanes, Vr1 =Vr2
Impact of Jet on Asymmetric Curved Plate When
Jet Striking Tangentially at One End
Impact of Jet on Asymmetric Curved Plate When
Jet Striking Tangentially at One End
 Impact of Jet on Asymmetric Curved Plate When
Jet Striking Tangentially at One End

Mass of the water striking at inlet of the blade = ρAVr1

Force exerted by jet in direction of motion = mass of the water X [ Initial velocity with
which jet strikes in the motion – final velocity of jet in the direction of motion]

Initial velocity with which jet strikes is Vr1

The component of velocity in the direction of motion at inlet= Vr1 cosϴ =(Vw1-U1)
The component of velocity in the direction of motion at exit = -Vr2 cosФ =(Vw2+U2)
 Impact of Jet on Asymmetric Curved Plate When
Jet Striking Tangentially at One End

Mass of the water striking at inlet of the blade = ρAVr1

Force exerted by jet in direction of motion = mass of the water X [ Initial velocity with
which jet strikes in the motion – final velocity of jet in the direction of motion]

Initial velocity with which jet strikes is Vr1

The component of velocity in the direction of motion at inlet= Vr1 cosϴ =(Vw1-U1)
The component of velocity in the direction of motion at exit = -Vr2 cosФ =(Vw2+U2)
Fx = ρAVr1 [(Vw1-U1)-(Vw2+U2)] ( since U1= U2)

Fx = ρAVr1 [(Vw1 + Vw2)

 Impact of Jet on Asymmetric Curved Plate When
Jet Striking Tangentially at One End

Work done by jet can be written as;

W.D= ρAVr1 [(Vw1 + Vw2)] X U

Kinetic energy of the jet can be written as;

1 2 1 1
KE    . av.v 2   av 3
mv
2 2 2

O / P WD
 
I / P KE

W.D per second per unit weight of fluid striking per second

=(ρAVr1 [(Vw1 + Vw2)] X U) / (g X (ρAVr1 ) (Nm/s)/(N/s)

=([(Vw1 + Vw2)] X U) / (g )) Nm/N
Impact of Jet on Asymmetric Curved Plate When
Jet Striking Tangentially at One End
 Impact of Jet on Series of Plates Normal to
Direction of Jet

It may be noted that the force exerted by the

jet on a single moving plate is not practically
feasible because the distance between the
nozzle and the plate will go in increasing.

If a series of plate is fitted on the wheel, there

is always one plate facing the jet, thus the
entire fluid issuing from the nozzle strikes the
plate.

The mass of water striking the plate per

second can be written as;

m   av

Force exerted by the jet on moving plate in the

direction of the jet can be written as;

Fx  m  vi  v f    av  v  u   0    av  v  u 
 Impact of Jet on Series of Plates Normal to
Direction of Jet
Work done by jet can be written as;

WD  Fx . u   av  v  u  . u
Kinetic energy of the jet can be written as;

1 2 1 1
KE    . av.v 2   av 3
mv
2 2 2

O / P WD
 
I / P KE

 av  v  u  . u 2u  v  u 
 
1 v 2
 av 3

2
 Impact of Jet on Series of Plates Normal to
Direction of Jet

For given jet velocity, the condition of the maximum

efficiency in terms of blade velocity can be written as;

d
0
du

d  2u  v  u  
 2 0
du  v 
v For maximum efficiency the
u blade velocity should be one
2 half of jet velocity

 v  v
2   v  
2 2 1
max   2   50%
v 2
 Impact of Jet on Series of Curved Plates Normal to
Direction of Jet

Fig. shows that, flat plates are replaced by

curved blades (vanes), which are bent in one
plane only.

Consider a jet of water impinging normally

on a plate inclined at an angle  with jet
axis, as a result, plate moves in the
direction of jet as shown in figure.

The mass of water striking the plate per

second can be written as;

m   av
Force exerted by the jet on moving plate in the
direction of the jet can be written as;

Fx  m  vi  v f    av  v  u    v  u  cos  

Fx  m  vi  v f    av  v  u   1  cos  
 Impact of Jet on Series of Curved Plates Normal to
Direction of Jet

Work done by jet can be written as;

WD  Fx . u   av  v  u   1  cos   . u
Kinetic energy of the jet can be written as;

1 2 1 1
KE  mv  . av.v   av 3
 2

2 2 2

O / P WD
 
I / P KE

 av  v  u   1  cos   . u 2u  v  u   1  cos  
 
1 v 2
 av 3

2
 Impact of Jet on Series of Plates Normal to
Direction of Jet
For given jet velocity, the condition of the
maximum efficiency in terms of blade
velocity can be written as;

d
0
du

d  2u  v  u   1  cos   
 2 0
du  v 
v
u
2
For maximum efficiency the
blade velocity should be one
half of jet velocity
If  = 0, max = 100%
i.e. the curved vanes are
max 
 1  cos   made semicircular
2
Force exerted on series of radial curved vanes

R1= Radius of wheel at inlet

R2= Radius of wheel at outlet

ω = Angular speed of the wheel

u1= ωR1 and u2 = ωR2

Mass of the water striking = ρaV1

Momentum of water striking in

tangential direction =ρaV1 * Vw1

Momentum of water striking in

tangential direction =ρaV1 * (-Vw2 )
Force exerted on series of radial curved vanes

Angular momentum per second at inlet = momentum at inlet * radius at inlet

= ρaV1 * Vw1 * R1

Angular momentum per second at outlet = momentum at outlet * radius at outlet

= -ρaV1 * Vw2 * R2

Torque exerted by water in the wheel = Rate of change of angular momentum

T= ρaV1 (Vw1 * R1 + Vw2 * R2)

Work done per second on the wheel = Torque * Angular velocity = T * ω

= ρaV1 (Vw1 * R1 + Vw2 * R2) * ω
= ρaV1 (Vw1 * u1 + Vw2 * u2)

If the discharge at outlet is radial, then Vw2 = 0;

Then Work done = ρaV1 (Vw1 * u1 )
 Problems:
1. A jet of water of diameter 7.5 cm strikes a curved plate at its centre with a
velocity of 20 m/s. The curved plate is moving with a velocity of 8 m/s along
the direction of jet. If the jet gets deflected through 1650 in the smooth vane,
compute.
a) Force exerted by the jet.

b) Power of jet.
c) Efficiency of jet.
Problems:

2. A jet of water having a velocity of 30 m/s strikes a series of radial curved vanes
mounted on a wheel. The wheel has 200 rpm. The jet makes 200 with the tangent to
wheel at inlet and leaves the wheel with a jet velocity of 5 m/s at 1300 to tangent to
the wheel at outlet. The diameters of wheel are 0.5 m and 0.25 m. Find
i) Vane angles at inlet and outlet for radially outward flow turbine.
ii) Work done
iii) Efficiency of the system
Thank You