Digital Logic Design

Ali Saleh

Numbering Systems
 Digital Computer
Systems
• Digital systems consider discrete amounts of data.
• Examples
– 26 letters in the alphabet
– 10 decimal digits
• Larger quantities can be built from discrete values:
– Words made of letters
– Numbers made of decimal digits (e.g. 239875.32)
• Computers operate on binary values (0 and 1)
• Easy to represent binary values electrically
– Voltages and currents.
– Can be implemented using circuits
– Create the building blocks of modern computers

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 Understanding Decimal Numbers

• Decimal numbers are made of decimal digits: (0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9)

• Decimal number:
– 8653 = 8x103 + 6x102 + 5x101 + 3x100
• What about fractions?
– 97654.35 = 9x104 + 7x103 + 6x102 + 5x101 + 4x100 + 3x10-1 + 5x10-2
– In formal notation -> (97654.35)10
• Why do we use 10 digits, anyway?

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 Understanding Binary Numbers

• Binary numbers are made of binary digits (bits):

– 0 and 1
• binary number:
– (1011)2 = 1x23 + 0x22 + 1x21 + 1x20 = (11)10
• What about fractions?
– (110.10)2 = 1x22 + 1x21 + 0x20 + 1x2-1 + 0x2-2
• Groups of eight bits are called a byte
– (11001001) 2
• Groups of four bits are called a nibble.
– (1101) 2

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 Conversion Between Number Bases

Decimal(base 10) Binary(base 2)

Hexadecimal
(base16)
° Learn to convert between bases.

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 Decimal review
• Numbers consist of a bunch of digits, each with a weight

1 6 2 . 3 7 5 Digits
100 10 1 1/10 1/100 1/1000 Weights

• These weights are all powers of the base, which is 10. We can rewrite
this:
1 6 2 . 3 7 5 Digits
102 101 100 10-1 10-2 10-3 Weights

• To find the decimal value of a number, multiply each digit by its weight
and sum the products.

(1 x 102) + (6 x 101) + (2 x 100) + (3 x 10-1) + (7 x 10-2) + (5 x 10-3) = 162.375

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 Converting binary to decimal
• We can use the same trick to convert binary, or base 2, numbers to
decimal. This time, the weights are powers of 2.
– Example: 1101.01 in binary
1 1 0 1 . 0 1 Binary digits, or bits
23 22 21 20 2-1 2-2 Weights (in base 10)

– The decimal value is:

(1 x 23) + (1 x 22) + (0 x 21) + (1 x 20) + (0 x 2-1) + (1 x 2-2) =

8 + 4 + 0 + 1 + 0 + 0.25 = 13.25

Powers of 2: Useful abbreviations:

20 = 1 24 = 16 28 = 256 K = 210 = 1,024
21 = 2 25 = 32 29 = 512 M = 220 = 1,048,576
22 = 4 26 = 64 210 = 1024 G = 230 = 1,073,741,824
23 = 8 27 = 128

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 Converting decimal to binary
• To convert a decimal integer into binary, keep dividing by 2 until the quotient is 0.
Collect the remainders in reverse order.
• To convert a fraction, keep multiplying the fractional part by 2 until it becomes 0.
Collect the integer parts in forward order.
• Example: 162.375:

162 / 2 = 81 rem 0 0.375 x 2 = 0.750

81 / 2 = 40 rem 1 0.750 x 2 = 1.500
40 / 2 = 20 rem 0 0.500 x 2 = 1.000
20 / 2 = 10 rem 0
10 / 2 =5 rem 0
5/2 =2 rem 1
2/2 =1 rem 0
1/2 =0 rem 1

• So, 162.37510 = 10100010.0112

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 Base 16 is useful too
• The hexadecimal system uses 16 digits:
Decimal Binary Hex
Decimal Binary Hex
0123456789ABCDEF 00 0000
0000 00
11 0001 11
• You can convert between base 10 and base
22
0001
0010 22
16 using techniques like the ones we just 0010
33 0011
0011 33
showed for converting between decimal and
44 0100
0100 44
binary.
55 0101
0101 55
• For our purposes, base 16 is most useful as 66 0110 66
0110
a “shorthand” notation for binary numbers. 77 0111 77
0111
– Since 16 = 24, one hexadecimal digit is 88 1000
1000 88
equivalent to 4 binary digits. 99 1001
1001 99
– It’s often easier to work with a number 10
10 1010
1010 AA
like B4 instead of 10110100. 1111 1011
1011 BB
12
12 1100
1100 CC
13
13 1101
1101 DD
14
14 1110
1110 EE
15
15 1111
1111 FF

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 Binary and hexadecimal conversions
• Converting from hexadecimal to binary is easy: just replace each hex
digit with its equivalent 4-bit binary sequence.

261.3516 = 2 6 1 . 3 516
= 0010 0110 0001 . 0011 01012

• To convert from binary to hex, make groups of 4 bits, starting from

the binary point. Add 0s to the ends of the number if needed. Then,
just convert each bit group to its corresponding hex digit.
10110100.0010112 = 1011 0100 . 0010 11002
= B 4 . 2 C16

Hex Binary Hex Binary Hex Binary Hex Binary

0 0000 4 0100 8 1000 C 1100
1 0001 5 0101 9 1001 D 1101
2 0010 6 0110 A 1010 E 1110
3 0011 7 0111 B 1011 F 1111

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 Hex to Decimal

8 7 C 9
x 16
128
+ 7
135
x 16
2,160
+ 12
2,172
x 16
34,752
+ 9
34,761

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 Convert Decimal to Hex

Integer Part: Divide by the base,

keep track of the remainder, and read up.
16 34,761
16 2,172 rem 9
16 135 rem 12 = C Read up
16 8 rem 7
0 rem 8

34,76110 = 87C916

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 Questions

100101012 = ? (decimal)
149

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 Questions

85710 = ?16
559

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 Questions

BED16 = ?2
1011 1110 1101

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Addition

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 Binary
Addition

• Binary addition is very simple.

• This is best shown in an example of adding two binary numbers…

1 1 1 1 1
1 carries
1
1 1 1 0 1
+ 1 0 1 1 1
---------------------
1 0 1 0 1 0 0

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 Binary addition example worked out
• Some terms are given here
• Exercise: what are these numbers equivalent to in decimal?

The initial carry

in is implicitly 0

1 1 1 0 (Carries)
1 0 1 1 (Augend)
+ 1 1 1 0 (Addend)
1 1 0 0 1 (Sum)

most significant least significant

bit (MSB) bit (LSB)

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Subtraction

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 Binary
Subtraction
° We can also perform subtraction (with borrows in place of
carries).
° Let’s subtract (10111)2 from (1001101)2…

1 10 borrows
0 10 10 0 0 10

1 0
0 1 1 0 1
- 1 0 1 1 1
------------------------
1 1 0 1 1 0

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 Negative Numbers

Subtract by adding

73 73
-35 10’s complement +65
38 138

Ignore carry

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Two’s Complement Shortcuts
• Algorithm – Simply complement each bit and then add 1 to the
result.
– Finding the 2’s complement of (01100101)2 and of its 2’s
complement…
N = 01100101 [N] = 10011011
10011010 01100100
+ 1 + 1
--------------- ---------------
10011011 01100101

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 Negative Numbers

Subtract by adding
73 01001001 73 01001001
-35 1 10111 01 35 00100011
38 00100110 2’s comp 11011100 flip
+1
-----------
-35 11011101

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 Table 2.2
Positive and Negative Binary Numbers
Signed decimal Hex Binary Unsigned decimal
-128 80 10000000 128
-127 81 10000001 129
-126 82 10000010 130
… … … …
… … … …
… … … …
-3 FD 11111101 253
-2 FE 11111110 254
-1 FF 11111111 255
0 00 00000000 0
1 01 00000001 1
2 02 00000010 2
3 03 00000011 3
… … … …
… … …
… … …
125 7D 01111101 125
126 7E 01111110 126
127 7F 01111111 127

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 Signed Numbers

4-bit: 8H = -8 to 7H = +7
1000 to 0111

8-bit: 80H = -128 to 7F = +127

16-bit: 8000H = -32,768 to

7FFFH = +32,767

32-bit: 80000000H = -2,147,483,648 to

7FFFFFFFH = +2,147,483,647

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 Questions

What is the two’s complement of

00101100?
1101 0100

What hex number represents the

decimal number -40? Binary 11011000
Hex D8
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Multiplication

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 Binary
Multiplication
• Binary multiplication is much the same as decimal multiplication,
except that the multiplication operations are much simpler…

1 0 1 1 1
X 1 0 1 0
-----------------------
0 0 0 0 0
1 0 1 1 1
0 0 0 0 0
1 0 1 1 1
-----------------------
1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0

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ASCII CODES

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 ASCII

• The most commonly used code for representing letters, numerals

and punctuation characters (alphanumeric data)
• Each character is represented with a 7-bit string; for example:
‘3’ = 00110011 (hex 33)
‘ ’ = 00100000 (hex 20)
• An 8-bit extension of ASCII has also been defined

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 ASCII
Code
• American Standard Code for Information Interchange
• ASCII is a 7-bit code, frequently used with an 8 th bit for error
detection (more about that in a bit).

Character ASCII (bin) ASCII (hex) Decimal

A 01000001 41 65
B 01000010 42 66
C 01000011 43 67
…
Z
a
…
1
‘

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 ASCII Properties

Q1:
What is relationship between a decimal digit (0, 1, …) and
its ASCII code?
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 ASCII Properties (2)

Q2:
What is the difference between an upper-case letter
(A, B, …) and its lower-case equivalent (a, b, …)? ASCI CODE
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 BCD

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 Binary Coded Decimal
Digit BCD Code Digit BCD Code

0 0000 5 0101
1 0001 6 0110
2 0010 7 0111
3 0011 8 1000
4 0100 9 1001

• Binary coded decimal (BCD) represents each decimal digit with four bits
– Ex. 0011 0010 1001 = 329BCD
3 2 9

• This is NOT the same as 0011001010012

• Why do this? Because people think in decimal.

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Putting It All
Together

° BCD not very efficient

° Used in early
computers (40s, 50s)
° Used to encode
numbers for seven-
segment displays.
° Easier to read?

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