EC 8691
MICROPROCESSORS &
MICROCONTROLLERS
SEMESTER: 6
DEPARTMENT: ECE
ANNA UNIVERSITY - R2017
COURSE OBJECTIVES
To understand the Architecture of 8086 Microprocessor.
To learn the design aspects of I/O and Memory
Interfacing circuits.
To interface microprocessors with supporting chips.
To study the Architecture of 8051 microcontroller.
To design a microcontroller based system
History of Computers
The progression in hardware representation of a bit of
data:
Vacuum Tubes (1950s) – 1st Generation
Transistors (1950s & 1960s) – 2nd Generation
Integrated Circuits (1960s & 70s) – 3rd Generation
LSI (1970s & 80s)– Microprocessor – 4th Generation
VLSI (1970s and on) – 5th Generation
1st Generation
ENIAC (Electrical Numerical Integrator and
Calculator)
EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic
Computer)
UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer)
2 Generation
nd
Point Contact Transistor - 1947
BJT– 1950
MOSFET – 1957
CMOS - 1963
Transistor Operation
A bipolar transistor: Current controlled.
A Field-effect transistor: Voltage Controlled.
MOSFET V-I Characteristics
Transistors as Computers
IBM 7090, IBM 7080 etc…
Transistors provided reliability
Mass Production
Integrated Circuits
An association of various electronic components
fabricated to a semiconductor material such as silicon
or germanium.
Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments created the first
prototype Ics in 1958
Types of ICs
Analog ICs: continuous output depending on input
signal.
Digital ICs: Produce output only during defined logic
states.
Integration & Technology
SSI: up to 100
MSI: up to 3000
LSI: up to 100,000
VLSI: up to 1,000,000
Technology: The ratio between width and length of
the “gate” in the transistors is defined as the
technology of an IC.
8086: 3μm technology, 29000 transistors
Microprocessors
Intel Corporation was founded by Robert Noyce and
Gordon Moore in 1968.
Intel introduced the first microprocessor, the Intel
4004 in 1971. The 4004 is a 4-bit processor.
8085 processor in March 1976.
The Intel 8086/8088 in June 1, 1979.
The Motorola 68000, processor for the Apple
Macintosh.
Timeline
Microprocessor manufacturers
Intel Corporation
NVIDIA Corporation
Advanced RISC (ARM) Machine Holdings
Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) microprocessors
Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company
Qualcomm, Inc. (QCOM)
Texas Instruments
Microprocessor Types
μP
No. of bits
Applicat Instructi processed
ion on set per cycle
Programming Language
Binary Codes – Lowest Level
Machine Codes / Op codes – Strict numeric codes
widely represented using hexadecimal numbers.
Assembly Language – Low level language that uses
commands that are converted to machine codes using
“Assembler”. Changes for every microprocessor.
High Level Language – Written in human language
using specific syntax. Can be written independent of
the type of processor. Converted to machine codes
using “Compiler”.
Reading Resources
https://wikieducator.org/History_of_Computer_Develo
pment.
“Evolution of Transistor Technology from BJT to
FinFET--A study”.
https://www.rohm.com/electronics/basics/transistors/
history-of-transistors
https://www.investopedia.com/articles/markets/012216
/worlds-top-10-semiconductor-companies-tsmintc.asp
https://www.computerhope.com/history/processor.htm
Reading Resources
https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/generation-
programming-languages/
https://www.extremetech.com/computing/91572-the-
evolution-of-computer-languages-infographic
