FIRST AID AT WORK AND CPR.
1
COURSE CONTENT
•INTRODUCTION
•DEFINITION
•AIMS OF FIRST AID
•PRINCIPLES OF FIRST AID
•QUALITIES OF A GOOD FIRST
AIDER
•SCOPE OF FIRST AID.
•EMERGENCY RESPONSE.
LIFE SAVING PROCEDURES
•WOUNDS AND BLEEDING
• DROWNING
•UNCONCIOUSNESS AND ITS
CAUSES.
•FRACTURE
•BURNS AND SCALDS
•ELECTRICAL INJURIES.
2
What is first aid.
FIRST AID is the immediate skilled care or
assistance given to someone in need before the
attention of a doctor is obtained.
It is also the first care given to any accident
victims or any body who suddenly falls ill.
LIFE SAVING PROCEDURES
3
Aims and objectives of first aid
There are five basic reasons
why we give first aid.
1. To save Live
2. To promote quick
recovery
LIFE SAVING PROCEDURES
3. To prevent the
situation from getting
worst .
4. To save time
5. To save cost
4
Principles of first aid.
1. Prior to any engagement in action, the FirstAider
must assess the emergency situation, primarily
danger related issues, which threaten or may affect
him/her, the casualty and bystanders.
2. Protection from danger and possible
LIFE SAVING PROCEDURES
reoccurrences should be the first and permanent
concern of the First Aider. If there is a possible
danger to the First Aider, protection and rescue has
to be done by special forces (police, fire brigade,
etc.).
5
Principles of first aid
3. The FirstAider should assist without prejudice or
bias, endeavoring to relieve the suffering of a
person, being guided solely by a humanitarian
assistance responsive to needs and respectful of
the casualties tradition and realities.
LIFE SAVING PROCEDURES
4. The FirstAider should always act in safe and
comfortable conditions, able to easily perform life-
saving and protecting measures, and watch over
the casualty and the situation.
6
Principles of first aid
5. The First Aider should, as far as possible, call for
appropriate help from community resources when and
where possible.
6. The First Aider should/may seek the cooperation of
the casualty, introducing him/herself and establishing
LIFE SAVING PROCEDURES
his/her assistance role.
7. The First Aider should collect as much as possible
information about the situation and the casualty’s
conditions, for guiding his/her actions.
7
Principles of first aid
8. The First Aider’ s actions must not make
the casualty’s condition worse, and should
provide a stabilizing or beneficial effect on the
distress of the casualty and the bystanders, as
well as prevent or limit complication
development.
LIFE SAVING PROCEDURES
9. The assistance measures that are given
must be appropriate to the situation, and must
be initiated safely, quickly and effectively, with
priority given to life-threatening problems.
8
Principles of first aid
10. The First Aider
must refer the
casualty to an
emergency care
LIFE SAVING PROCEDURES
service as soon as
possible, if one is
available and it is
necessary.
9
Principles of first aid
11. The FirstAider should provide psychological
support to the casualty, through his/her attitude, words
and actions, considering that he/she is taking care of
“a wounded person, not just the wound”. Reassurance
should be ensured with the bystanders as well.
LIFE SAVING PROCEDURES
10
Principles of first aid
12. The First Aider should
assist and monitor the
casualty’s condition until
further assistance is not
required. Termination of
assistance may occur
LIFE SAVING PROCEDURES
when emergency care
service reaches the
scene or is reached or it
is determined that no
further care is needed.
11
Principles of first aid
13. The First Aider should be willing and
able to assist the emergency care service in
the provision of casualty care, including the
provision of information about the casualty
LIFE SAVING PROCEDURES
and emergency situation.
Notes:
• Priority of actions is determined by the status of
the casualty and the
12
Principles of first aid
severity of problems; considering both the physical
and psychological needs. Criteria, such as
nationality, race, religious beliefs, class or political
opinions should not guide First Aid intervention
LIFE SAVING PROCEDURES
• Even if an unconscious casualty cannot hear
and/or perceive what is said and happening around
him/her, appropriate words and contacts should be
used like when assisting a conscious casualty.
13
Principles of first aid
• Regarding protection:
The FirstAider, casualty and others must be
protected from danger immediately and its
possible reoccurrence must be prevented.
LIFE SAVING PROCEDURES
In some countries FirstAiders should be
made aware that security authorities may have to
be informed about the emergency situation,
following their security rules. In First Aid
situations, many people are worried about disease
transmission, first aider should protect him/herself
from such. 14
Qualities of a good first aider.
1. Be resourceful at all times.
2. Be sympathetic to your
casualty
3. Be smart and confident.
LIFE SAVING PROCEDURES
4. The eyes of an EAGLE i.e. be
observant.
5. The heart of a LION i.e. be
bold.
6. The hand of a MAID i.e.
gentle
15
Scope of first aid.
This is the systematic way of administering
first aid.
Diagnosis.
• HISTORY
• SIGNS
LIFE SAVING PROCEDURES
• SYMPTOMS
Care; This should be given in order of
priority i.e. Breathing,bleeding,Burns and
broken bones. 16
Scope of first aid.
•Transportation.
Arrange to convey the casualty without delay
To his home, suitable shelter, hospital
And or summon a Doctor in serious cases.
•Record keeping.
LIFE SAVING PROCEDURES
•Full name of Casualty, Identity, Dept./Address
•Casualty's occupation
•Date and Time of Accident
•Place and Circumstances of accident
•Details of Treatment rendered
•Name and Signature of First Aider. 17
Emergency response.
This is another
procedure taken to D: danger.
ensure that
appropriate first aid R: response (A.V.P.U).
and safety is
A: airway (T.L.L) .
observed while
LIFE SAVING PROCEDURES
assisting a casualty. B: breathing (L.L.F).
Now, when to use it
depends on the C: chest compression.
situation you find i.e.30:2(adults),
yourself . 5:30:2(children & infants).
18
19
Airway obstruction
LIFE SAVING PROCEDURES
Wounds.
A wound can be defined as any damage in the
continuity of the tissue of the body or skin.
Wounds may be classified into:
1. Incised or clean cut ( this is caused
by sharp instruments).
2. Lacerated or torn. ( caused by claws
of animals, saws or barbed wires).
LIFE SAVING PROCEDURES
3. Contused or bruised.( Caused by
heavy blunt object e.g. hammer).
4. Punctured or stab( Caused by
pointed instrument e.g. dagger or
fork).
5. Gunshot wounds. (caused by bullets).
6. Aberration wounds. (caused by rough
surface.
7.Starb wound. 20
Management of wounds
•Stop bleeding if any.
•Wash/clean surface of
wounds.
•Dress/cover wound with
gauze or any soft
LIFE SAVING PROCEDURES
material .i.e. dry
dressing preferred.
•Bandage the dressing.
•Refer your casualty to
the Nurse or Doctor.
21
Bleeding.
This is the escape of blood from a
damaged blood vessel.
•Types of bleeding.
1. May be Arterial ( bright
Red and Spurting in rhythm
with heart beat. Usually
LIFE SAVING PROCEDURES
serious.).
2. May be Venous (dark red
and flows gently}.
3. May be Capillary (
Typically oozing and blood
loss is minimal) 22
Kinds of bleeding
Internal bleeding.
This is bleeding from internal organs of the body and it is
notice as blood comes out from the natural orifices of our
body i.e. eyes, mouth, nose, ear, urinary tracts, vagina, anus.
LIFE SAVING PROCEDURES
External bleeding.
This is the out flow of blood externally.
23
Signs and symptoms of bleeding
•skin becomes cold and clammy.
•Feels faint and dizzy.
•Pulse is weak and rapid,
•Face and lips become pale.
LIFE SAVING PROCEDURES
•Restless and complains of thirst.
•Breathing becomes shallow and
fast., may yawn ,sigh or gasp for
air. 24
Intervention.
•Reassure the Patient.
•Apply pressure to bleeding points. OR
•Apply pressure to brachial or femoral
(closet) pressure points
•Ensure to use as clean dressing as
may be available.
•Elevate the bleeding part if possible.
LIFE SAVING PROCEDURES
•If internal bleeding is suspected
,place him in a resting position.
•warn him not to move.
•Loose all tight clothing around his
waist ,neck and chest.
•Protect him from cold and
move to hospital immediately.
25
Fracture.
•This is the Bend,
Break or Crack of a
bone.
•It could be caused by
either a Direct or an
LIFE SAVING PROCEDURES
Indirect force. Fracture
basically can be
classified as open or
close.
26
Types of fracture.
•OPEN FRACTURE:
This is when the bone
breaks and pierces out
of the body.
•CLOSED FRACTURE:
LIFE SAVING PROCEDURES
In this case the bone is
broken but remains
within the body without
endangering any vital
organ. 27
Management of fracture.
Your aims
•To prevent movement at the injury site by immobilising it.
•To arrange removal to hospital, with comfortable support during
transport.
Caution
•Do not move the
casualty until the
LIFE SAVING PROCEDURES
injured part is secured
and supported, unless
in danger.
•Do not allow the
casualty to eat drink or
smoke.
•Do not press down
directly on a bone end.
28
Burns and scald.
This results when the skin is exposed to extreme
heat. The heat could either be moist or dry, this condition
can be classified in to first, second or third degree burns or
scald.
LIFE SAVING PROCEDURES
29
Degree and percentage of burns
and scalds.
LIFE SAVING PROCEDURES
30
Degree and percentage of burns
and scalds.
LIFE SAVING PROCEDURES
31
Management of burns and scald
The basic and primary care for burns is to apply
running water to the affected part to remove heat and reduce
pain then cover affected part to avoid being infected.
LIFE SAVING PROCEDURES
CAUTION: Do not remove sticky clothing on the skin if found
and also do not apply cold water from the fridge on burns. 32
Unconsciousness
This is a state of insensibility due to an upset
in the functions of the brain, it could be as a result of
the following:
F-fainting,
I -infantile convulsion.
S -stroke.
LIFE SAVING PROCEDURES
H -head injury.
S -shock.
H -heart attack.
A –anaphylactic shock.
P –poison.
E –epilepsy.
D –diabetes.
33
Stages of unconsciousness
There are two stages of unconsciousness that include,
STUPOR: In this state of insensibility some sense organs may
be responding to external stimuli and breathing is always
present. COMA: Non of the sense organs responds to external
stimuli and casualty may be breathing or not be breathing.
F-fainting,
I -infantile convulsion.
LIFE SAVING PROCEDURES
S -stroke.
H -head injury.
S -shock.
H -heart attack.
A –anaphylactic shock.
P –poison.
E –epilepsy.
D –diabetes.
34
Management of unconsciousness.
` Because other factors like bleeding, wound
etc can cause someone to go unconscious it
should be noted that a person can be breathing
Or not breathing and still be unconscious.
LIFE SAVING PROCEDURES
The basic step in the management of
unconsciousness is with the use
Of SCOPE OF FIRST AID and
EMERGENCY RESPONSE, including the
Management of any obvious cause of it
35
Shock
This life-threatening condition occurs
when the circulatory system fails, leaving the
vital organs without oxygen. This condition
could also lead to fainting.
LIFE SAVING PROCEDURES
Shock can be made worse by fear and
pain. Wherever there is a risk of shock
developing, reassuring the casualty and
making them comfortable may be enough to
stop them deteriorating.
36
Recognising Shock
Initially: a rapid pulse and pale, cold, clammy skin.
As shock develops: cyanosis, weakness and
dizziness, nausea, thirst, rapid and shallow
LIFE SAVING PROCEDURES
breathing, weak pulse.
As brain’s oxygen supply weakens: restlessness and
aggressiveness, yawning and gasping for air,
unconsciousness.
37
Management of shock.
Your aims
•Recognise shock.
•Treat any obvious
• causes of shock.
•Improve the blood
• supply to the brain,
LIFE SAVING PROCEDURES
•heart and lungs.
•To arrange urgent removal to hospital.
Caution – do not let the casualty eat,
drink, smoke or move unnecessarily.
38
R
GE IA
N
NI
ED
R
C ROS
Airway Obstruction
External or internal obstruction
of the airway;
•Inhalation of foreign object.
•Blockage by the tongue.
LIFE SAVING PROCEDURES
•Blockage by blood or vomit.
•Internal swelling of throat.
•Injuries to face or jaw.
•Asthma
•External pressure on neck.
39
R
GE IA
N
NI
ED
R
C ROS
Recognising Airway Obstruction
•Cyanosis.
•Difficulty breathing
and speaking.
•Noisy breathing.
LIFE SAVING PROCEDURES
•Red puffy face.
•Signs of distress.
•Persistent dry cough.
40
R
GE IA
Managing airway Obstruction
N
NI
ED
R
C ROS
Your Aims •Try to clear obstruction
•Remove From mouth if apparent.
obstruction.
•Restore normal
•Give 5 back slaps.
•Breathing. •Give 5 abdominal
•Arrange transport to thrusts.
•hospital. •Consider rescue
breaths.
LIFE SAVING PROCEDURES
41
R
GE IA
N
NI
ED
R
C ROS
Heart attack.
This is usually caused by a sudden obstruction of
blood supply to part of the heart muscle. The main risk is
that the heart will stop beating.
Your aims.
•To encourage
LIFE SAVING PROCEDURES
the casualty to
rest.
•To arrange the
urgent removal to
hospital.
42
R
GE IA
N
NI
ED
Management.
R
C ROS
•Do not move Patient
unnecessarily.
•Put him in most comfortable
position
•Loosen all tight clothing around.
•Avoid panic and take charge.
LIFE SAVING PROCEDURES
•Lay the Victim down on a hard
surface.
•On Head down position
•Perform ABC of CPR if necessary.
•Continue CPR and send for help.
•Move Victim to a Medical Facility.
43
R
GE IA
N
NI
ED
R
C ROS
Prevention Of Heart Attacks
•Strict Dietary Discretion
•Exercise
•Avoid Narcotic Drugs /Alcohol
LIFE SAVING PROCEDURES
•Avoid Smoking
•Regular Medical Checks.
•Report Chest Condition.
44
R
GE IA
N
NI
ED
R
C ROS
Stroke
This is the gradual or a sudden paralysis
of one or more parts of the body as a result of
a blood clot or rupture of an artery supplying
blood to a part of the brain.
LIFE SAVING PROCEDURES
45
R
GE IA
N
NI
ED
R
C ROS
Management.
•Do not move Patient unnecessarily.
•Put him in most comfortable position
•Loosen all tight clothing around.
•Avoid panic and take charge.
•Lay the Victim down on a hard
LIFE SAVING PROCEDURES
surface.
•Perform ABC of CPR if necessary.
•Give CPR if victim stops breathing
and send for help.
•Move Victim to a Medical Facility.
46
R
GE IA
N
NI
ED
R
C ROS
Drowning
Death by drowning occurs when air cannot get into the lungs.
This may also cause a spasm of the throat.
When a drowning person is rescued, water may gush from their
mouth. This is water from the stomach & should be left to drain.
Do not try to force water from the stomach as casualty may vomit and
inhale it.
LIFE SAVING PROCEDURES
Your aims
Restore adequate breathing.
Keep casualty warm.
Arrange urgent removal to hospital.
47
R
GE IA
N
NI
ED
R
C ROS
Management.
If rescuing casualty from
water,{ PLEASE DO SO IF YOU
HAVE BEEN TRAINED TO DO
SO.} keep their head
lower than the rest of
LIFE SAVING PROCEDURES
their body to reduce risk
of inhaling water.
Check ABC and be
Prepared to administer
CPR if necessary.
48
R
GE IA
N
NI
ED
R
C ROS
Convulsions or Fits .
Consists of involuntary contraction of many muscles due to
disturbance in the function of the brain. It is the result of disturbed
impulse transmission in the brain, caused by head injury, lack of
oxygen in the brain, poison, brain disease, fever etc.
Management
•Assess the environment.
LIFE SAVING PROCEDURES
•Take the History if possible
•Do not restrict the victim during twitching.
•Maintain Airway
•Remove to safe place
•Treat the cause if known
•Give emotional support.
49
R
GE IA
N
NI
ED
Convulsion.
R
C ROS
LIFE SAVING PROCEDURES
50
R
GE IA
N
NI
ED
First Aid Box
R
C ROS
A First Aid Kit shall be readily accessible in the workshop.
Contents of First Aid Box
A pen and record book
Scissors, and tweezers
6 safety pins
2 crepe roller bandages
12 sterile dressings individually wrapped
12 sterile gauze squares individually wrapped
LIFE SAVING PROCEDURES
4 roles sterile gauze bandage
6 triangular bandages
1 roll adhesive tape
2 Sterile eye pads
12 alcohol swabs individually wrapped
Disposable gloves.
Cotton wool, adhesive tape.
Plastic face shield, torch, whistle etc. 51
R
GE IA
N
NI
ED
The recovery position.
R
C ROS
An unconscious
casualty who is STEP1: kneel beside the casualty,
breathing should be open his airway, reach out to the
knee away from you, from
placed in this position. Underneath, lift up, keeping the
This position helps foot perpendicular to the ground.
maintain an open
LIFE SAVING PROCEDURES
airway, liquids can drain
from the mouth and the
chest is not on the floor
or facing upwards.
52
R
GE IA
N
NI
ED
The recovery position.
R
C ROS
The head, neck and STEP2: Bring the arm furthest from you
back are kept aligned, across the chest, and hold the back of
the hand against the casualty's nearer
while the bent limbs cheek with your other hand, keeping the
keep the body casualty's hand pressed against his
cheek ,pull on the upper leg to roll
propped in a casualty towards you and on his side.
comfortable and
secure position. If you
LIFE SAVING PROCEDURES
are forced to leave an
unconscious casualty
unattended, he or she
can safely be left in
the recovery position
while you seek help. 53
R
GE IA
N
NI
ED
R
C ROS
The recovery position.
The technique for STEP3: Keeping the casualty's
turning the hand pressed against the cheek, use
your knees to support the casualty so
casualty he/she is prevented from rolling too
assumes far forwards, adjust the upper leg if
necessary so both the hip and knee
that he/she is are bent at right angles. Tilt head
found on his back to ensure that the airway
LIFE SAVING PROCEDURES
remains open.
back. Not all the
steps will be
necessary if a
casualty is found
lying on his side
or faced down.
54
R
GE IA
N
NI
ED
The recovery position.
R
C ROS
You may have to modify
the recovery position for
certain injuries. For example, STEP4: CALL FOR HELP. Monitor
a casualty with a spinal injury and record circulation until help
needs extra support at the arrives.
head and neck, and the head
and trunk needs to be aligned
LIFE SAVING PROCEDURES
at all times. if limbs are
injured and can not be bent,
placing rolled blankets
around the casualty, or
getting extra helpers to
support him, can stop him
from topping forward.
55
