Strength. Performance. Passion.

VIBRATION BASIC THEORY

Riska Indrawan

2012-11-21 © 2012 Holcim Ltd

Understanding The Basic Theory

What is Vibration?

• What is It?
• What causes It?
• Why measure It?
• What does The Transducer measure It?
• What are “Vibration characteristics” we measure?

2015-08-14 © 2012 Holcim Ltd 2

Understanding The Basic Theory
What is It?

Vibration is a "back and forth" movement of a structure. It can also be referred to

as a "cyclical" movement

2015-08-14 © 2012 Holcim Ltd 3

Understanding The Basic Theory
What causes It?
1. Imperfections in the Machine :
Design Maintenance
Manufacture Operation
Installation Assembly

2. What Are Some Common Machine Problems

That Generate Mechanical Vibration :
Misalignment Worn belts & pulleys Bearing Defects Hydraulic Forces AerodynamicForce
Reaction Forces Reciprocating Forces Bent Shafts Rubbing Gear Problems
Housing Distortion Electrical Problems Frictional Force Unbalance

3. What Are Some Common Machine Problems

That Amplify Mechanical Vibration (But Don't Cause It) :
Resonance Looseness

2015-08-14 © 2012 Holcim Ltd 4

Understanding The Basic Theory
Why do we measure Vibration ?

1. Assess the condition (primarily the bearings) of a machine.

2. Diagnose the root cause(s) of any excessive (destructive) vibration

It should be understood that the failures of short-term basis (i.e. loss of lubrication, sudden failure of a component, etc.) are not
protected by any program that only collects data periodically. The time between last-take and failure in these cases (which are
rare) may take only minutes (in extreme cases), hours, days or weeks

2015-08-14 © 2012 Holcim Ltd 5

Understanding The Basic Theory
What Does The Transducer Actually Detect?

Actual Bearing A Transducer Mounted A Transducer Mounted

Movement Vertically "Sees" Only Horizontally "Sees" Only
Vertical Movement Horizontal Movement

2015-08-14 © 2012 Holcim Ltd 6

Understanding The Basic Theory
What Vibration "Characteristics" do we measure ?

1. Amplitude
2. Frequency
3. Phase

2015-08-14 © 2012 Holcim Ltd 7

Understanding The Basic Theory
What Vibration "Characteristics" do we measure ?

Amplitude Tells Us :
How Much Movement Occurs

2015-08-14 © 2012 Holcim Ltd 8

Understanding The Basic Theory
What Vibration "Characteristics" do we measure ?

Frequency Tells Us:

How Often The Movement Occurs
(How many "cycles" in a period of time: a second or a minute)

2015-08-14 © 2012 Holcim Ltd 9

Understanding The Basic Theory
What Vibration "Characteristics" do we measure ?

Phase Tells Us:

In What Direction Is The Movement

2015-08-14 © 2012 Holcim Ltd 10

Understanding The Basic Theory
Convention

• What are “Conventions”?

• Bearing Numbering (Position) Conventions
• Position Naming Conventions
• Directional Conventions

2015-08-14 © 2012 Holcim Ltd 11

Understanding The Basic Theory
What Are “Conventions”?

Conventions are standards that you set or adopt that apply to every machine and application
in the program. These conventions simplify training of new personnel and make sure everyone
involved in the program is on the same page. There are at least three basic conventions that
should be set up. They are:

1. Bearing Numbering (Position) Conventions

2. Position Naming Conventions
3. Directional Conventions

2015-08-14 © 2012 Holcim Ltd 12

Understanding The Basic Theory
Common Bearing Numbering Conventions

• Most programs use numbers to identify bearings (or alphabet, although rare)
• The next bearing reached will be Position "2" or "B". That bearing will be found at
the drive end of the motor or turbine (the driver component)
• Etc

The image below shows a typical 4-bearing, belt driven fan with the bearings numbered

2015-08-14 © 2012 Holcim Ltd 13

Understanding The Basic Theory
Common Position Naming Convention

• Common Position 1 Names

Outboard motor bearing
Opposite drive end motor bearing
Opposite shaft end motor bearing
• Common Position 2 Names
Inboard motor bearing
Drive end motor bearing
Shaft end motor bearing
• Common Position 3 Names
Inboard ?? bearing (the "??" will be fan, pump, etc. depending on what the driven
component is)
Drive end ?? bearing
Shaft end ?? bearing

Consistency Is The Key

2015-08-14 © 2012 Holcim Ltd 14

Understanding The Basic Theory
Common Direction Naming Convention

Directional conventions are also the most importance to set up and use. This
convention insures that whomever is collecting the data is aware of the
correct transducer location and direction

Axial Direction is always parallel to shaft axis

Let's start with direct drive machines. These machines are the most simple to define.
• Axial Direction - Runs along the axis of the machine's shaft (parallel to the shaft &
ground).
• Vertical Direction - The shortest line that connecting the machine shaft and the
machine base.
• Horizontal Direction - A line drawn out from the machine shaft that runs
exactly parallel to the ground.

2015-08-14 © 2012 Holcim Ltd 15

Understanding The Basic Theory
Common Direction Naming Convention

Belt drives can be oriented in any direction and thereby require a directional convention

The convention shown here has been adopted for some very simple reasons which help
illustrate not only its usefulness but the importance of conventions in general

Reason #1: The belt (reaction) forces are usually directed in-line (parallel) with the belts.
Reason #2: To capture these belt related vibrations and matched frequencies, higher resolution readings are set up in the
database parallel to the belts.
Reason #3: To make it easier to both set up the database and analyze collected data, these higher resolution readings are always
taken horizontally.

2015-08-14 © 2012 Holcim Ltd 16

Understanding The Basic Theory
Transducers

A vibration transducer is the instrument that measures or senses the vibration and
is commonly referred to as a pickup or sensor. The basic understanding and proper
selection of an appropriate transducer is important.

There are basically three types of transducers commonly used. They are:
• Displacement Transducer
• Velocity Transducer
• Accelerometer

2015-08-14 © 2012 Holcim Ltd 17

Understanding The Basic Theory
Displacement Transducer

Generally known as proximity probes, these transducers are limited in application

but where applicable they are extremely useful and important

Generally, the applications are:

• Low speed or low frequency
• To detect some stress
• Used to perform balancing

2015-08-14 © 2012 Holcim Ltd 18

Understanding The Basic Theory
Velocity Transducer

Generally, the applications are:

• High and low frequency
• To detect some fatique
• Used to measure of severity (keparahan)

2015-08-14 © 2012 Holcim Ltd 19

Understanding The Basic Theory
Accelerometers Transducer

Generally, the applications are:

• High frequency
• To detect some force
• Used to identify some abnormal on bearing or gearbox

2015-08-14 © 2012 Holcim Ltd 20

Understanding The Basic Theory
Database setup on Omnitrend

By Umbar Basuki

2015-08-14 © 2012 Holcim Ltd 21