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Reflex Pupil

Pupil size is determined by several factors including age, consciousness level, light intensity, and accommodation level. The pupil normally measures 3-4 mm in diameter and any difference greater than 1 mm between the two eyes is abnormal. Pupil constriction is controlled by the parasympathetic nervous system while dilation is controlled by the sympathetic system. The antagonistic actions of the sphincter and dilator muscles determine the pupil size. The pupillary light reflex results in equal and simultaneous constriction of both pupils when exposed to light.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
445 views21 pages

Reflex Pupil

Pupil size is determined by several factors including age, consciousness level, light intensity, and accommodation level. The pupil normally measures 3-4 mm in diameter and any difference greater than 1 mm between the two eyes is abnormal. Pupil constriction is controlled by the parasympathetic nervous system while dilation is controlled by the sympathetic system. The antagonistic actions of the sphincter and dilator muscles determine the pupil size. The pupillary light reflex results in equal and simultaneous constriction of both pupils when exposed to light.

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Raissa
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REFLEKS PUPIL

T E G U H S E T I AWA N - E Z R A M A R G A R E T H -
NOOR AMINAH
PUPIL
• Ukuran pupil tergantung beberapa faktor : umur,
tingkat kesadaran, kuatnya penyinaran, dan
tingkat akomodasi, aktifitas jaras eferen serabut
simpatis dan parasimpatis.
• Diameter Normal : 3-4 mm. Perbedaan antara
kedua mata, N: ≤1 mm
• Pupil miosis/konstriksi dipersarafi oleh Parasimpatis.
• Pupil midriasis/dilatasi dipersarafi oleh Simpatis.
• Diameter pupil ditentukan oleh aksi antagonistik
antara [Link] pupiliae dan [Link]
pupiliae.
REFLEKS PUPIL

• Refleks cahaya terjadi konstriksi pupil yang


seimbang dan terjadi bersamaan di kedua mata.
• Jalur pupil bersamaan dengan jaras penglihatan.
• Pada akhir traktus opticus, serat pupil memasuki
pretectal midbrain dan nucleus Edinger Westphal.
• Refleks melihat dekat/ konvergensi/ akomodasi:
akomodasi, konstriksi pupil (miosis), dan konvergensi
REFLEKS PUPIL
THE AFFERENT PATHWAY
Rods and cones AND
Melanopsin Retinal Ganglion cells

Ganglion cells

Travels centrally along the optic nerve

Nasal Fibers decussate in optic chiasm

Optic tract
THE AFFERENT PATHWAY(CONTD.)
Midbrain from Lateral side of
Superior colliculus

Pretectal Nucleus

New relay fibers partially cross


over

The Accessory motar nuclei


of EW nucleus
THE EFFERENT PATHWAY
The axons of the EW nucleus
extend into the III n.

Lie on the superficial dorsomedial


aspect as it leave the brain stem

Passes laterally to petroclinod


ligament and dorsum sellae

Located inferiorly as it enters the


orbit
Inferior Via short
Ciliary Sphincter
division of III Ciliary
Ganglion Pupillae
n. nerves
FUNGSI PUPIL

Fungsi:
• Mengatur jumlah cahaya
yang mencapai retina.
• Mengurangi aberasi sferis
dan aberasi kromatis.
• Meningkatkan
kedalaman focus.

Refleks pupil
• Direct
• Indirect
NEAR REFLEX
• Two components:
1. Convergence Reflex: Convergence of visual axis
and associated constriction of pupil
2. Accommodation Reflex: Increased
accomodation and associated constriction of pupil

• Near Reflex Triad consists of:


- Increased Accommodation
- Convergence of Visual Axis
- Constriction of pupils
NEAR REFLEX
RAPD (RELATIVE AFFERENT PUPILLARY
DEFECT)

• RAPD menyebabkan kurangnya kontraksi pupil saat


1 mata diberi stimulus cahaya dibandingkan jika
yang diberi stimulus adalah mata kontralateralnya
(Swinging flash light test).
• RAPD Terjadi karena defek di sistem afferent
CAUSES OF RAPD
• Optic neuritis
• Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy
• Compressive optic neuropathy
• Glaucoma
• Optic Nerve Tumors
• Orbital Diseases
• Ischemic Retinal Diseases : CRAO CRVO BRAO BRAVO
• Ocular Ischemic Syndrome
• Central serous retinopathy or cystoid macular edema
• Retinal detachment
• Chiasmal compression
• Optic tract lesion
• Postgeniculate damage
• Midbrain tectal damage
ANISOCORIA

• Anisocoria adalah perbedaan ukuran pupil lebih


dari atau sama dengan 0,4 mm
• Kira-kira 1/5 populasi normal memiliki mata anisokor,
tetapi perbedaan ini tidak lebih dari 1 mm
• Anisokor dapat merupakan variasi normal ataupun
tanda kelainn okuler atau neurologis
• Anisokor disertai palsy nervus oculomotorius yang
terjadi secara akut (mendadak) merupakan
keadaan emergency yang berhubungan dengan
sakit kepala atau trauma
DISORDERS CHARACTERIZED BY
ANISOCORIA

• Horner’s syndrome
• Adie’s tonic syndrome
• Third-nerve palsy
• Adrenergic mydriasis
• Anticholinergic mydriasis
• Argyll Robertson pupils
• Local iris disease (e.g., sphincter atrophy, posterior
synechiae, pseudoexofoliation syndrome)
• Hutchinson’s pupil
• Bernard’s syndrome
EFFERENT PUPILLARY DEFECT
ETIOLOGIES
• Iris sphincter damage from trauma
• Tonic pupil (Adie’s pupil)
• Third-nerve palsy
• Traumatic iritis, uveitis, angle-closure glaucoma,
pseudoexofoliation syndrome and recent eye surgery
• Pharmacologic agents:
• Unilateral use of dilating drops
• Atropine, cyclopentolate, homatropine,
scopolamine, tropicamide, phenylephrine.
• Sympathomimetic agents: ephedrine, cocaine,
ecstasy
KEDUDUKAN BOLA MATA

• Posisi primer
posisi kedua mata apabila seseorang melihat lurus
ke depan
• Ortoforia: kedudukan bola mata sempurna tanpa
rangsang fusi
• Heteroforia: ada tendensi mata untuk berdeviasi
bila fusi diblok
• Heterotropia: deviasi manifes
Otot-otot ekstraokuler
• M. rektus medial, lateral,
inferior, superior
• M. obliquus inferior dan
superior
DIPLOPIA

• Penglihatan ganda
• Penyebab : misalignment / tidak lurusnya aksis
visual yang didapat
 gambar yang diterima tidak jatuh sama-sama
tepat di fovea
 1 di fovea ; 1 di luar fovea
• Gambar jatuh di noncorresponding area dan di
luar area Panum
• Objek yang sama terlihat berasal dari 2 arah
subjektif yang berbeda
• Gambar yang jatuh di fovea terlihat lebih jelas
NISTAGMUS

• Gerakan yang ritmis dan berulang pada satu atau


dua mata, pada satu atau seluruh arah gerakan,
yang diinisiasi oleh gerakan mata yang pelan.
TERIMA KASIH
MOHON BIMBINGAN DAN SARAN

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