Mangalyaan Space
Program
Pooja S
Nayana H Gowda
Sameeksha Rao
Introduction
• The Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM), also called
Mangalyaan is a space probe orbiting Mars
since 24 September 2014. It was also India’s
first interplanetary mission.
• It has been configured to carry out observation
of physical features of mars and carry out
limited study of Martian atmosphere.
• The total cost of the mission was around ₹450
Crore (US$73 million), making it the least
expensive mars mission to date.
• The program began in 2010 with a feasibility
study. Approval for the project was obtained in
August 2012 and satellite development was
completed in 15 months and launched on 5th
November 2013.
• India is the 4th nation to successfully embark on
its maiden Mars mission.
Mission Objectives
Scientific Objectives
Exploration of Mars surface features,
morphology, mineralogy and Martian
atmosphere by indigenous scientific
instruments.
Technological Objectives
Design and realization of a Mars orbiter with
a capability to survive and perform Earth
bound maneuvers, cruise phase of 300 days,
Mars orbit insertion/capture, and on-orbit
phase around Mars.
Deep space communication, navigation,
mission planning and management.
Incorporate autonomous features to handle
various situations.
Mars Orbiter Mission Spacecraft
Lift-off Mass 1337kg
Structures Aluminum and Composite Fiber Reinforced Plastic (CFRP)
sandwich construction
Propulsion Bi propellant system (MMH + N2O4)
Propellant mass: 852 kg
Power System Single Solar Array-1.8m X 1.4 m - 3 panels - 840 W Generation
(in Martian orbit), Battery:36AH Li-ion
Altitude and Orbit AOCE (Attitude and Orbit Control Electronics): with MAR31750
Controls Processor
Sensors: Star sensor (2Nos), Solar Panel Sun Sensor (1No),
Coarse Analogue Sun Sensor
Actuators: Reaction Wheels (4Nos), Thrusters (8Nos), 440N
Liquid Engine
Antennae Low Gain Antenna (LGA), Mid Gain Antenna (MGA) and High
Gain Antenna (HGA)
Launch Vehicle PSLV - C25
Mangalyaan Spacecraft
Payloads
Purpose Scientific Instruments
Atmospheric Lyman-Alpha Photometer (LAP) – 1.97kg
Studies It measures the relative abundance of Hydrogen and Deuterium in
the upper atmosphere. This allows estimation of water loss to
outer space.
Methane Sensor for Mars (MSM)-2.94kg
It measures methane(ppb) in the atmosphere of Mars and maps its
source.
Particle Mars Exospheric Neutral Composition Analyzer (MENCA)-3.56 kg
Environment It is capable of analysing the neutral composition of particles in the
Studies range of 1–300 amu. This was also employed in Chandrayaan 1.
Surface Imaging Thermal Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (TIS)-3.20 kg
Studies It is capable of mapping minerology of Mars as well as atmospheric
carbon dioxide and turbidity. It sunctions during the day and night.
Mars Colour Camera (MCC)-1.27kg
It gives information of the surface and is useful in monitoring
dynamic weather conditions.
Placement of Payloads
Mars
Orbiter
Mission
Profile
1. Geo Centric
2. Helio Centric
3. Martian
Geo Centric Phase
The spacecraft is injected into an Elliptic Orbit by the launcher. With six
main engine burns, the spacecraft is gradually maneuvered into a
hyperbolic trajectory with which it escapes from the Earth’s Sphere of
Influence (SOI) with Earth’s orbital velocity + V boost. To minimize fuel
consumption, a Minimum Energy Transfer Orbit (Hohmann Transfer Orbit)
was used.
Helio Centric
Phase
The spacecraft leaves Earth
in a direction tangential to
Earth’s orbit and encounters
Mars tangentially to its
orbit. It then goes on to
intersect the orbit of Mars.
This is made possible only
due to the relative position
of the Sun, Earth and Mars.
This position occurs at 780
days.
Martian Phase
The spacecraft arrives at the Mars Sphere of
Influence in a hyperbolic trajectory. At the
time the spacecraft reaches the closest
approach to Mars it is captured into planned
orbit around mars by imparting ∆V retro
(opposing thrust) which is called the Mars
Orbit Insertion (MOI) maneuver.
Conclusion
As of 19 May 2017, Mangalyaan has reached 1000 days (973 sols) in orbit around Mars. It
has completed 388 orbits around Mars and has sent around 715 images to the Earth. It
continues to be in good health. ISRO hopes to launch a follow up to this mission,
Mangalyaan 2 with greater scientific payload by 2020. This will follow the launch of
Chandrayaan 2 in 2018.
