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Science Form 3 - Chapter 2 (Respiration)

The document summarizes the human respiratory system and the process of respiration. It describes the pathway of air from the nose to the alveoli in the lungs where gas exchange occurs. Oxygen diffuses into the bloodstream and binds to hemoglobin, while carbon dioxide diffuses out of the blood and into the alveoli to be exhaled. Several respiratory diseases and their symptoms are also discussed, as well as substances harmful to the respiratory system like cigarette tar and carbon monoxide.

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Aizzat Bahiah
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8K views12 pages

Science Form 3 - Chapter 2 (Respiration)

The document summarizes the human respiratory system and the process of respiration. It describes the pathway of air from the nose to the alveoli in the lungs where gas exchange occurs. Oxygen diffuses into the bloodstream and binds to hemoglobin, while carbon dioxide diffuses out of the blood and into the alveoli to be exhaled. Several respiratory diseases and their symptoms are also discussed, as well as substances harmful to the respiratory system like cigarette tar and carbon monoxide.

Uploaded by

Aizzat Bahiah
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
  • Respiration Overview: Introduces the concept of respiration, focusing on human respiratory systems and their functions.
  • Human Respiratory System: Illustrates and labels parts of the human respiratory system, providing a visual foundation for further explanations.
  • Breathing Mechanism: Explains the sequential process involved in the breathing mechanism from nose to bronchiole.
  • Inhalation and Exhalation: Details the physiological changes during inhalation and exhalation, with visual aids to compare processes.
  • Inhalation vs Exhalation: Compares mechanisms of inhalation and exhalation, focusing on muscle actions and airflow.
  • Gas Exchange: Describes the movement and exchange of gases in the human body, crucial for respiration.
  • Chemical Processes in Gas Exchange: Outlines chemical reactions involved in oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange in the respiratory system.
  • Alveolar Structure Adaptations: Discusses the alveolar structural features that optimize respiratory function.
  • Health of Human Respiratory System: Outlines substances harmful to the respiratory system and their detrimental effects.
  • Respiratory Diseases and Symptoms: Identifies respiratory diseases like asthma and bronchitis, describing symptoms and impacts.
  • Additional Respiratory Diseases: Covers additional respiratory diseases, including lung cancer and emphysema, with a focus on pathology and symptoms.

CHAPTER 2

RESPIRATION
HUMAN RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
• Slideshare Science Form 3 - Chapter 6
BREATHING MECHANISM

Nose Nasal Cavity Trachea Bronchus


Hidung

Blood capillary
Alveolus Bronchiole
Kapilari darah
MOVEMENT AND EXCHANGE OF GASES IN THE HUMAN BODY
• Air inhaled into the alveolus has a higher concentration of oxygen.
- Compared to the concentration of oxygen in the blood.
- Oxygen will diffuse through the wall of the alveolus into the walls of
the capillaries and into the blood.

• Dark red-coloured compound in red blood cells known as haemoglobin.


- Haemoglobin will combine with oxygen to form oxyhaemoglobin
(Which is an unstable compound and bright red in colour)

Haemoglobin + Oxygen Oxyhaemoglobin

• Blood with oxyhaemoglobin is transported from the lungs to the heart and
pumped to the other parts of the body
• When the blood reaches the area around the body cells that has a low concentration of
oxygen,
- The oxyhaemoglobin being an unstable compound will decompose to release
oxygen molecules
- Then, change back into haemoglobin.

Oxyhaemoglobin → haemoglobin + oxygen

• In the body cells, the diffused oxygen oxidises glucose molecules into carbon dioxide,
water and energy
- Through the process of cellular respiration

Glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy

• Carbon dioxide released by the cells diffuses into the blood capillaries
- Then, transported to the alveolus to be removed during exhalation.
Importance of the Adaptations of the Alveolar Structure
• Large surface area
The lungs have millions of blood capillaries to provide a large
surface area for gas exchange

• Very thin walls


The wall of each alveolus is one cell thick to provide a very short
distance for the diffusion of gases

• Moist inner surface


To let oxygen dissolve in the moisture before diffusing across
the alveolar wall

• Surrounded by numerous blood capillaries


Help to transport gases to and from alveoli quickly
HEALTH OF HUMAN RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Substances that are Harmful to the Human Respiratory System
Chemical substance Harmful effect on the respiratory system

Cause lung cancer


Blackens the lungs
Cigarette tar
- Cause them to be less efficient for gaseous change
Damages alveolus cells and lung cells
Causes a shortage of oxyhaemoglobin in blood
Carbon monoxide Body cells are unable to produce the required amount of energy through
cellular respiration
It irritates the air passage causing cough, difficulty in breathing, bronchitis
Sulphur dioxide
and lung cancer.

Nitrogen dioxide Irritates the air passage and causes cough, difficulty in breathing and asthma.

Irritate the respiratory system and cause respiratory diseases such as


Haze, dust and pollen
asthma.
Respitory diseases and their symptoms
• Asthma
- Narrowing of bronchi and bronchioles due to contraction of muscles
- Difficult to breathe, wheezing and feeling tightness in chest

• Bronchitis
- Inflammation of lining of bronchioles due to infection by bacteria or
viruses, or chemicals found in tobacco smoke
- Patients may turn blue especially at the lips and fingers due to poor
oxygenation of blood
Respitory diseases and their symptoms
• Lung cancer

• Emphysema
- Structure of alveoli is broken down by coughing
- Cannot take in enough oxygen and becomes very shortness of breath.

• Heart disease
- Nicotine raises the blood pressure and increases the level of ‘bad’
cholesterol in blood
- Suffer from stroke or heart attack

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