PRESENTATION ON CONJUNCTIONS
• PRESENTED BY:
I. ALEEHA RIAZ
II. MAHNOOR ASIF
III. MUHAMMAD ABDULLAH
CONJUNCTIONS:
Conjunctions are those that connect two words , two phrases , two
clauses , two nouns , two pronouns , two verbs , two adjectives and two
adverbs.
The action or an instance of two or more events or things
occurring at the same point in time or space.
FOR EXAMPLE :
You can write your paper with a pen or a pencil.
I went to a market where I saw a joker.
TYPES OF CONJUNCTION :
There are four types of conjunctions which are as follows :
• Coordinating conjunctions.
• Subordinating conjunctions.
• Compound conjunctions.
• Correlative conjunction.
I. COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS :
A conjunction placed between words , phrases , clauses or sentences
of equal rank .
Coordinating conjunctions are used to give equal emphasis to a pair
of main clauses .
FOR EXAMPLE :
I hate to waste a drop of gas , for it is very expensive these days .
You can eat your cake with a spoon or fork .
IMPORTANT ABBREVIATIONS :
We use some important abbreviations for coordinating conjunctions which
are as follows :
KINDS OF COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS :
Following are the kinds of coordinating conjunctions :
CUMULATIVE CONJUNCTIONS :
A cumulative conjunction merely adds one statement to another .
E.g : and , both…..and , as well as , not only……but also .
• She is both clever and beautiful .
• They not only looted the shop but also set it on fire .
• Tom as well as John passed the test .
ADVERSATIVE CONJUNCTIONS :
A conjunction that expresses opposition or contrast
between two statements is called an adversative conjunction .
E.g : but , still , yet , whereas , while and nevertheless .
• The rope was thin but it was strong .
• There was little chance of success nevertheless they decided to go ahead .
ALTERNATIVE CONJUNCTIONS :
A conjunction which presents two alternatives , sometimes
indicating a choice between them , is called a disjunctive or alternative
conjunctions .
E.g : Or , either…….or , neither……nor , otherwise , else .
• You can have coffee or tea .
• You must either obey my instructions or quit .
• I will neither obey your instructions nor quit .
ILLATIVE CONJUNCTIONS :
Conjunctions which express an inference are called illative
conjunctions .
E.g : for , so .
• Something fell for I heard a thud .
• He works hard so he will win .
• They must have gone out for nobody answers the phone .
• Someone is knocking at the door for I heard the noise .
SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS:
A subordinating conjunction is a word that connects an
independent clause to a dependent clause .
EXAMPLE :
After , although , as , as long as , because , before , even if , if
once , now that , since etc.
• Although I have been here before , he is just too hard to ignore .
• Once in a blue moon , something good comes along .
• We are never going to survive unless we get a little crazy .
CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTION :
Correlative conjunctions are sort of like tag-team conjunctions .
They come in pairs , and you have to use both of them in different places
in a sentence to make them work . They work together and relate one
sentence element to another .
EXAMPLE :
• I want either the cheese cake or the chocolate cake .
• I’ll eat them both-not only the cheese cake but also the chocolate cake.
• There are as many curtains as there are windows .
COMPOUND CONJUNCTIONS :
The phrases which are used as conjunctions are called
compound conjunctions . A compound conjunction may have two or three
parts and they are always together .
E.G:
So that , as well as , as soon as , as long as , such that , in order that etc.
• The cat jumped in as soon as he opened the window .
• He will pass the test provided that he works hard .
• She is working hard so that she will pass the test .
