2
Systems Analysis and Design in a
Changing World, Fifth Edition
2
Learning Objectives
Explain the purpose and various phases of the systems
development life cycle (SDLC)
Explain when to use an adaptive approach to the SDLC in
place of a more predictive traditional SDLC
Explain the differences between a model, a tool, a
technique, and a methodology
Describe the two overall approaches used to develop
information systems: the traditional method and the
object-oriented method
2
2
The Systems Development Lifecycle (SDLC)
Systems development life cycle (SDLC)
Provides overall framework for managing systems
development process
Two main approaches to SDLC
Predictive approach – assumes project can be planned
out in advance
Adaptive approach – more flexible, assumes project
cannot be planned out in advance
All projects use some variation of SDLC
3
2
Traditional Predictive Approach to the SDLC
Project planning – initiate, ensure feasibility, plan
schedule, obtain approval for project
Analysis – understand business needs and processing
requirements
Design – define solution system based on requirements
and analysis decisions
Implementation – construct, test, train users, and install
new system
Support – keep system running and improve
4
2
“Waterfall” Approach to the SDLC
5
2
Modified Waterfall Approach
with Overlapping Phases (Figure 2-5)
6
2
Newer Adaptive Approaches to the SDLC
Based on spiral model
Project cycles through
development activities
over and over until
project is complete
Prototype created by
end of each cycle
Focuses on mitigating
risk
Iteration – Work activities
are repeated
Each iteration refines
previous result
Approach assumes no
one gets it right the first
time
There are a series of
mini projects for each
iteration
7
2
Activities of Planning Phase of SDLC
Define business problem and scope
Produce detailed project schedule
Confirm project feasibility
Economic, organizational, technical, resource, and
schedule
Staff the project (resource management)
Launch project official announcement
8
2
Activities of Analysis Phase of SDLC
Gather information to learn problem domain
Define system requirements
Build prototypes for discovery of requirements
Prioritize requirements
Generate and evaluate alternatives
Review recommendations with management
9
2
Activities of Design Phase of SDLC
Design and integrate the network
Design the application architecture
Design the user interfaces
Design the system interfaces
Design and integrate the database
Prototype for design details
Design and integrate system controls
10
2
Activities of Implementation Phase of
SDLC
Construct software components
Verify and test
Convert data
Train users and document the system
Install the system
11
2
Activities of Support Phase of SDLC
Maintain system
Small patches, repairs, and updates
Enhance system
Small upgrades or enhancements to expand system
capabilities
Larger enhancements may require separate
development project
Support users
Help desk and/or support team
12
2
Methodologies and Models
Methodologies
Comprehensive guidelines to follow for completing
every SDLC activity
Collection of models, tools, and techniques
Models
Representation of an important aspect of real world,
but not same as real thing
Abstraction used to separate out aspect
Diagrams and charts
Project planning and budgeting aids
13
2
Tools and Techniques
Tools
Software support that helps create models or other
required project components
Range from simple drawing programs to complex
CASE tools to project management software
Techniques
Collection of guidelines that help analysts
complete a system development activity or task
Can be step-by-step instructions or just general
advice
14
2
Two Approaches to System Development
Traditional approach
Also called structured system development
Structured analysis and design technique (SADT)
Includes information engineering (IE)
Object-oriented approach
Also called OOA, OOD, and OOP
Views information system as collection of
interacting objects that work together to
accomplish tasks
15
2
Object-Oriented Approach
Completely different approach to information
systems
Views information system as collection of
interacting objects that work together to
accomplish tasks
Objects – things in computer system that can
respond to messages
Conceptually, no processes, programs, data
entities, or files are defined – just objects
OO languages: Java, C++, C# .NET, VB .NET
16
2
Object-Oriented Approach
Object-oriented analysis (OOA)
Defines types of objects users deal with
Shows use cases are required to complete tasks
Object-oriented design (OOD)
Defines object types needed to communicate with people
and devices in system
Shows how objects interact to complete tasks
Refines each type of object for implementation with specific
language of environment
Object-oriented programming (OOP)
Writing statements in programming language to define what
each type of object does
17
2
SDLC Variations
Many variations of SDLC in practice
Based on variation of names for phases
No matter which one, activities/tasks are similar
Some increase emphasis on people
User-centered design, participatory design
Sociotechnical systems
Some increase speed of development
Rapid application development (RAD)
Prototyping
18
2
Life Cycles with Different Names for
Phases (Figure 2-20)
19
2
Current Trends in Development
The Unified Process (UP): Reinforces six best
practices(develop iteratively, define and manage
system requirements, use component
architectures, create visual models, verify quality,
control changes)
Extreme Programming (XP): Recent development
approach to keep process simple and efficient
Agile Modeling: Hybrid of XP and UP
Scrum: Respond to situation as rapidly as
possible
20
2
Tools to Support System Development
Computer-aided system engineering (CASE)
Automated tools to improve the speed and quality of system
development work
Contains database of information about system called
repository
Upper CASE – support for analysis and design
Lower CASE – support for implementation
ICASE – integrated CASE tools
Now called visual modeling tools, integrated application
development tools, and round-trip engineering tools
21
2
Summary
System development projects are organized around the systems development
life cycle (SDLC)
Some projects use a predictive approach to the SDLC, and others use a more
adaptive approach to the SDLC
SDLC phases include project planning, analysis, design, implementation, and
support
In practice, phases overlap, and projects contain many iterations of analysis,
design, and implementation
Models, techniques, and tools make up a system development methodology
System development methodology provides guidelines to complete every
activity in the SDLC
System development methodologies are based on traditional approach or
object-oriented approach
Current trends include: Extreme Programming (XP), Unified Process (UP),
Agile Modeling, and Scrum
CASE tools are designed to help analysts complete system development tasks
22
