SPEED CONTROL OF DC MOTOR
USING P.W.M TECHNIQUE
BY
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ABSTRACT
The aim of development of this project is towards providing efficient and
simple method for speed control of DC motor using pulse width modulation
technique. The modulation of pulse width is obtained using two 555IC
Timers.
To get desired modulation of pulse width as output, we have fabricated
astable multivibrator and monostable multivibrator circuit using two 555IC
Timers. The width of the pulse is changed by varying the control voltage of the
monostable circuit.
Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) is a common technique for speed
control which can overcome the problem of the poor starting performance of a
motor.
Contents
Introduction to PWM
Why only PWM
Block diagram of PWM
Introduction to 555 timer Ic
Astable multivibrator
Mono stable multivibrator
Circuit diagram
Conclusions
References
Dc motor
Applications of PM DC
Speed –torque relation
Chopping technique
vo=vs
Where, =ton/T
Introduction to P.W.M
Modulation means to vary something. Pulse Width
Modulation means to vary the width of pulses to obtain desired
output voltage.
• PWM applies a pulse train of fixed amplitude and frequency,
only the width is varied in proportion to an input voltage.
The duty cycle, the ratio of the time tON during which the
output is high to the total time period T is given as,
% duty cycle, D =ton/ T * 100
Why only P.W.M
A PWM circuit works by making a square wave with a variable on-to off ratio, the
average on time may be varied from 0 to 100 percent. In this manner, a variable amount of
power is transferred to the load. The main advantage of a PWM circuit over a resistive
power controller is the efficiency, at a 50% level, the PWM will use about 50% of full power,
almost all of which is transferred to the load, a resistive controller at 50% load power would
consume about 71% of full power, 50% of the power goes to the load and the other 21% is
wasted heating the series resistor.
Instead of supplying a varying voltage to a motor, it is supplied with a fixed voltage
value (such as 12V) which starts it spinning immediately. The voltage is then removed and
the motor 'coasts'. By continuing this voltage on/off cycle with a varying duty cycle, the
motor speed can be controlled.
Block diagram of P.W.M
Introduction to 555 TIMER IC'S
These ic’s introduces time delays from few microseconds to several hours.
Requires about 5v to 18v power supply.
Depending on the manufacturer, the standard 555 package includes over 20
transistors, 2 diodes and 15 resistors on a silicon chip installed in an 8-pin
mini dual-in-line package (DIP-8) It needs two or three external
components to produce an oscillator capable of operating at a frequency
from 1Hz to 500kHz. When it oscillates at a frequency less than 1Hz, the
circuit is called a Timer or Delay.
Applications of 555 ic
Astable multivibrator:-
producing a square wave.
No stable states.
Free running multivibrator.
Monostable multivibrator:-
producing a single pulse when triggered.
One stable and one quasi-stable state.
One shot multivibrator.
Astable multivibrator
In this circuit there is a diode
in parallel to R2, as to bypass
the resistance of R2 while
capacitor is charging.
Astable multivibrator operation
vc =vf+(vi-vf)et/
TC=0.69(RA+RB)C
TD=0.69(RB)C
T=TC+TD
T=0.69(R1+2R2)C
F=1/T
F=1.44/(R1+2R2)C
For 549hz frequency
Assume R1=10R2, C=.01F
R2=22K
R1=220K
monostable multivibrator
Mono stable operation
Vc=Vf+(Vi-Vf)e-t/
Substituting vf=vcc
Vc=2/3vcc , vi=0, we get,
T=1.1RaC
considering timing
component as 2.42ms,
T=1.1RaC
Ra=0.00242/1.1*0.01*10-6
Ra=220kΩ
Circuit diagram
OUTPUT WAVEFORMS
Astable M/V:- Monostable M/V:-
Pin 2:-Across Capacitor Pin 2:-input
Pin 3:-o/p
Pin 3:-o/p
Across capacitor:-
Results
Voltage (v) Speed (R.P.M)
3 550
5 990
9 1820
11 2200
12 2390
CONCLUSION
From the project work, following points can be concluded.
It fulfils all the requirements for its application.
The motor responds to the average value of the pulses and not to
the individual pulses as the chopper works at high frequency.
Changing the duty-cycle of the pulse by changing the
potentiometer changes
the average voltage level.
It is possible to improve overall performance of the chopper
drive
References
Power Electronics by p.s. Bimbhra 3rd Edition.
A Textbook of Electrical Technology Vol. 2 – Theraja
Power Electronics Handbook - Devices_ Circuits_ and Applications_ 2nd Edition_ Muhammad
H Rashid
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