CHAPTER 9:

Heat
By: Cikgu Eni SMKKB
Sources Of Heat
Sun (primary source of heat)

Electrical appliances

Rubbing two hands

together(Friction) Burning of fuel
9.1 Relationship between Temperature and Heat
Heat – a form of energy
flows from a hotter to a colder region
9.1 Relationship between Temperature and Heat
Temperature
• Measure of the degree of hotness or
coldness of an object
• Measured by:

thermometer
 Same
Temperature
but
Different
A B Heat content
 Same
Heat content

A B
but
Different
temperature
 HEAT TEMPERATURE
form of energy degree of hotness and coldness
of an object
unit: joule (J) unit: oC / kelvin (K)
depend on depend on
• type of material • movement of particle
• quantity of material
• temperature
9.2 HEAT FLOWS AND THERMAL EQUILIBRIUM

Heat Flow
-from hot object to cold object
 Thot
Thot

Ice cream left at Tcold

room Thot
temperature Thot
absorbs heat
SOLID LIQUID
and melts
Absorb heat
Hot coffee left at room
temperature releases heat and
become cool T cold
Tcold
Thot
Tcold
Tcold
 HEAT FLOWS IN THREE DIFFERENT WAYS

By conduction through solids

By convection through liquids or gases
By radiation through empty space
1. Conduction
- Heat transferred from particles to particles in solid
- from the hot end to the cold end

Heat transfer
Examples of heat
flow through
conduction
ACTIVITY 9.1
To show heat
is transferred
by
conduction
ACTIVITY 9.1
2. Convection
- Transferred by the movement of liquid/gas
- The hot liquid/gas becomes less dense than the
cooler liquid/gas around it and rises
- As the warm liquid/air rises, cooler liquid/air
rushes in to take its place
- This circulating stream known as convection
current
CONVECTION
IN AIR
 Application of the principle of convection in daily life

 1) Ventilation of building
a) The hot air in the building will flow out through the
ventilation holes at the top. The cold air enters through the
holes (windows/door) on the lower part.

 2) Refrigerator
a) Cold air from the freezer compartment at the top moves down
to the lower part of the refrigerators. The hot air is moved up.
3. Radiation
- Transferring heat without any medium (vacuum)
- Rate: depend on types of surface, temperature
and total surface area
- Example:
Heat from
sun
transferred to
Earth
HEAT FLOW IN NATURAL PHENOMENA

[Link] breeze

[Link] breeze
 1. Sea
breeze
- Blows during day
- From sea to land
- During the day, land becomes hot faster than sea
- Air above land becomes less dense and goes up
- Cool air from sea moves in to take its place
 2. Land
breeze
- Blows during night
- From land to sea
- At night, land becomes cooler faster than sea
- Air above sea is heater than air above land
- Air above sea becomes less dense and goes up
- Cool air from land moves in to take its place
HEAT CONDUCTORS AND HEAT INSULATORS
 A B

Which temperature will drop faster?

EXPERIMENT 9.1
To study the uses of different materials as heat insulators

What is your inference?

THERMAL EQUILIBRIUM
9.3 PRINCIPLE OF EXPANSION &
CONTRACTION OF MATTER
in solid

When heated
• particles vibrate faster and move
further apart from one another
• Volume of solid increase because
solid expands
9.3 PRINCIPLE OF EXPANSION &
CONTRACTION OF MATTER
in solid

When cooled
• particles vibrate slower and move
closer to one another
• Volume of solid decrease because
solid contracts
9.3 PRINCIPLE OF EXPANSION &
CONTRACTION OF MATTER
in liquid

When heated
• particles move faster and randomly
• Volume of liquid increase because
liquid expands
9.3 PRINCIPLE OF EXPANSION &
CONTRACTION OF MATTER
in liquid

When cooled
• particles move slower and closer
• Volume of liquid decrease because
liquid contracts
9.3 PRINCIPLE OF EXPANSION &
CONTRACTION OF MATTER
in gas

When heated
• particles move faster and randomly
• Volume of gas increase because gas
expands
9.3 PRINCIPLE OF EXPANSION &
CONTRACTION OF MATTER
in gas

When cooled
• particles move slower and closer
• Volume of liquid decrease because
liquid contracts
 When an object is heated:
a) particles have more energy,
b) move faster,
c) distance among particles increases,
d) the volume increases (expand)

 When an object is cooled,

 a) move slower,
c) distance among particles decreases,
d) the volume decreases (contract)
THE USES OF EXPANSION AND CONTRACTION OF MATTER IN DAILY LIFE

Mercury in
thermometer
can expand
and contract

1. THERMOMETER
THE USES OF EXPANSION AND CONTRACTION OF MATTER IN DAILY LIFE

2. RAILWAY TRACKS
Small gaps between their rails
to enable them to expand in
hot weather
Without
gaps, the
tracks will
buckle and
overlap
THE USES OF EXPANSION AND CONTRACTION OF MATTER IN DAILY LIFE
3. STEEL BRIDGES
Built with rollers
and a gap on one
end
THE USES OF EXPANSION AND CONTRACTION OF MATTER IN DAILY LIFE
4. BIMETALLIC STRIP Copper
Used in devices that depend on
temperature regulation. Eg: Iron Iron

and fire alarm system

Which one copper?
Which one iron?
FIRE ALARM SYSTEM
9.4 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TYPES OF
SURFACE OF OBJECT AND HEAT
ABSORPTION AND EMISSION

Dark White
and and
Dull shiny

Which one you will choose?

Why fuel tanks are painted in bright colours?
Bright colour bad heat absorber. So, evaporation of fuel reduced
 Evaporation INCREASED

heat heat
 Evaporation DECREASED

heat
 THEORITICALLY,
Black Good heat absorber
and dull Good heat radiator

White
and shiny
Good heat reflector
Prove that:
Dark object
absorb heat
better than
white
objects
Prove that:
Dark object
radiate heat
better than
white
objects
 Hot water
White
Dark and
and shiny
dull
surface
surface
 SO, PROVE THAT,
Black Good heat absorber
and dull Good heat radiator

White
and shiny
Good heat reflector
WHICH IS THE BEST HOME PAINT COLOUR?
WHICH CLOTHING MAKE YOU HOTTER?