Cellular Respiration

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 Cellular Respiration
 A catabolic, exergonic, oxygen (O2) requiring
process that uses energy extracted from
macromolecules (glucose) to produce energy
(ATP) and water (H2O).

C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O + energy

glucose ATP

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Question:
 In what kinds organisms does cellular
respiration take place?

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Plants and Animals
 Plants - Autotrophs: self-producers.
 Animals - Heterotrophs: consumers.

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 Mitochondria
 Organelle where cellular respiration takes
place.
Inner Matrix
membrane space Cristae
Outer
membrane
Inner
membrane

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Redox Reaction
 Transfer of one or more electrons from
one reactant to another.

 Two types:
1. Oxidation
2. Reduction

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Oxidation Reaction
 The loss of electrons from a substance.
 Or the gain of oxygen.
Oxidation

C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O +

energy
glucose ATP

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 Reduction Reaction
 The gain of electrons to a
substance.
 Or the loss of oxygen.
Reduction

C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O + energy

glucose ATP

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 Breakdown of Cellular
Respiration
 Four main parts (reactions).

1. Glycolysis (splitting of sugar)

a. cytosol, just outside of mitochondria.

2. Grooming Phase
a. migration from cytosol to matrix.

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Breakdown of Cellular
Respiration
3. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)
a. mitochondrial matrix

4. Electron Transport Chain (ETC) and

Oxidative Phosphorylation
a. Also called Chemiosmosis
b. inner mitochondrial membrane.

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1. Glycolysis
 Occurs in the cytosol just outside of
mitochondria.
 Two phases (10 steps):
A. Energy investment phase
a. Preparatory phase (first 5 steps).
B. Energy yielding phase
a. Energy payoff phase (second 5
steps).

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 1. Glycolysis
A. Energy Investment Phase:

Glucose (6C) C-C-C-C-C-C

2ATP
2 ATP - used
0 ATP - produced
0 NADH - produced
2ADP + P

Glyceraldehyde phosphate (2 - 3C) C-C-C C-C-C

(G3P or GAP)

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 1. Glycolysis
B. Energy Yielding Phase
Glyceraldehyde phosphate (2 - 3C)
GAP GAP
(G3P or GAP) C-C-C C-C-C
4ADP + P 0 ATP - used
4 ATP - produced
2 NADH - produced
4ATP
C-C-C C-C-C
(PYR) (PYR)
Pyruvate (2 - 3C)
(PYR)
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1. Glycolysis
 Total Net Yield

2 - 3C-Pyruvate (PYR)
2 - ATP (Substrate-level
Phosphorylation)
2 - NADH

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 Substrate-Level
Phosphorylation
 ATP is formed when an enzyme transfers a
phosphate group from a substrate to
ADP.
Enzyme
O-
C=O
C-O- P P Adenosine
P
Substrate CH2 ADP
(PEP)
Example:
PEP to PYR
O-
Product C=O P P P Adenosine
(Pyruvate) C=O
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 Fermentation
 Occurs in cytosol when “NO Oxygen” is
present (called anaerobic).
 Remember: glycolysis is part of
fermentation.
 Two Types:
1. Alcohol Fermentation
2. Lactic Acid Fermentation

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 Alcohol Fermentation
 Plants and Fungi  beer and wine
2ADP
2ATP
C +2 P
2NADH 2 NAD+
C
C
C C
Glycolysis C
C C
C
C 2 Pyruvic 2 Ethanol
2CO2
C 2 NAD+ 2NADH acid
released
glucose

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Alcohol Fermentation
 End Products: Alcohol fermentation

2 - ATP (substrate-level phosphorylation)

2 - CO2
2 - Ethanol’s

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 Lactic Acid Fermentation
 Animals (pain in muscle after a workout).

2ADP
C +2 P
2ATP
C 2NADH 2 NAD+
C C C
C Glycolysis C C
C C C
C 2 NAD+ 2NADH
2 Pyruvic 2 Lactic
acid acid
Glucose

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 Lactic Acid Fermentation
 End Products: Lactic acid fermentation

2 - ATP (substrate-level phosphorylation)

2 - Lactic Acids

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 2. Grooming Phase
 Occurs when Oxygen is present (aerobic).
 2 Pyruvate (3C) molecules are transported
through the mitochondria membrane to the
matrix and is converted to 2 Acetyl CoA (2C)
molecules.
Cytosol 2 CO2
C
C Matrix
C
2 Pyruvate C-C
2 NAD+ 2NADH 2 Acetyl CoA
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2. Grooming Phase
 End Products: grooming phase

2 - NADH
2 - CO2
2- Acetyl CoA (2C)

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3. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)

 Location: mitochondrial matrix.

 Acetyl CoA (2C) bonds to Oxalacetic acid

(4C - OAA) to make Citrate (6C).
 It takes 2 turns of the krebs cycle to
oxidize 1 glucose molecule.

Mitochondrial
Matrix

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 3. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)
1 Acetyl CoA (2C)

OAA (4C) Citrate (6C)

Krebs 2 CO2
Cycle
FADH2 (one turn) 3 NAD+

FAD
3 NADH

ATP ADP +
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 3. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)
2 Acetyl CoA (2C)

Citrate (6C)
OAA (4C)

Krebs 4 CO2
Cycle
2 FADH2 (two turns) 6 NAD+

2 FAD
6 NADH

2 ATP 2 ADP
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3. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)

 Total net yield (2 turns of krebs

cycle)

1. 2 - ATP (substrate-level
phosphorylation)
2. 6 - NADH
3. 2 - FADH2
4. 4 - CO2

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 4. Electron Transport Chain (ETC) and
Oxidative Phosphorylation
(Chemiosmosis)
 Location: inner mitochondrial membrane.

 Uses ETC (cytochrome proteins) and ATP

Synthase (enzyme) to make ATP.

 ETC pumps H+ (protons) across innermembrane

(lowers pH in innermembrane space).

Inner
Mitochondrial
Membrane
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 4. Electron Transport Chain (ETC) and
Oxidative Phosphorylation
(Chemiosmosis)
 The H+ then move via diffusion (Proton
Motive Force) through ATP Synthase to make
ATP.

 All NADH and FADH2 converted to ATP during

this stage of cellular respiration.

 Each NADH converts to 3 ATP.

 Each FADH2 converts to 2 ATP (enters the ETC

at a lower level than NADH).
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 4. Electron Transport Chain (ETC) and
Oxidative Phosphorylation
(Chemiosmosis)

Inner Matrix
membrane space Cristae
Outer
membrane
Inner
membrane

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 4. ETC and Oxidative Phosphorylation
(Chemiosmosis for NADH)

Intermembrane Space higher H+

concentration
1H+ 2H+ 3H+ H+ ATP
Synthas
e
Inner
Mitochondrial
E T C Membrane

O2 H O
2H+ + 1/2 ADP + P
ATP
NADH NAD+ 2 H+
+ H+

(Proton Pumping) lower H+

concentration
Matrix
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 4. ETC and Oxidative Phosphorylation
(Chemiosmosis for FADH2)
Intermembrane Space higher H+
concentration
1H+ 2H+ H+ ATP
Synthas
e
Inner
Mitochondrial
E T C Membrane

2H+ + ADP + P
FADH2 FAD+ H2O H+ ATP
+ H+ 1/2O2
(Proton Pumping)
lower H+
concentration
Matrix
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TOTAL ATP YIELD
1. 04 ATP - substrate-level
phosphorylation
2. 34 ATP - ETC & oxidative
phosphorylation
38 ATP - TOTAL YIELD

ATP
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Eukaryotes
(Have Membranes)
 Total ATP Yield
02 ATP - glycolysis (substrate-level phosphorylation)
04 ATP - converted from 2 NADH - glycolysis
06 ATP - converted from 2 NADH - grooming phase
02 ATP - Krebs cycle (substrate-level phosphorylation)
18 ATP - converted from 6 NADH - Krebs cycle
04 ATP - converted from 2 FADH2 - Krebs cycle
36 ATP - TOTAL

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 Maximum ATP Yield for Cellular
Respiration (Eukaryotes)
Glucose
Cytosol
Mitochondria
Glycolysis 2 Acetyl CoA Krebs
Cycle
2 Pyruvate
2NADH 2 ATP
6NADH 2FADH2 (substrate-level
phosphorylation)
2NADH
ETC and Oxidative
Phosphorylation
2 ATP
(substrate-level
phosphorylation) 2ATP 4ATP 6ATP 18ATP 4ATP 2ATP

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Prokaryotes
(Lack Membranes)
 Total ATP Yield
02 ATP - glycolysis (substrate-level phosphorylation)
06 ATP - converted from 2 NADH - glycolysis
06 ATP - converted from 2 NADH - grooming phase
02 ATP - Krebs cycle (substrate-level phosphorylation)
18 ATP - converted from 6 NADH - Krebs cycle
04 ATP - converted from 2 FADH2 - Krebs cycle
38 ATP - TOTAL

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Question:
 In addition to glucose, what other
various food molecules are use in
Cellular Respiration?

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Catabolism of Various
Food Molecules
 Other organic molecules used for fuel.

1. Carbohydrates: polysaccharides
2. Fats: glycerol’s and fatty acids
3. Proteins: amino acids

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