COMMUNICATION SYSTEM EECB353
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
Dept of Electrical Engineering
Universiti Tenaga Nasional
1.2 SNR, Bandwidth & Rate of Communication
1. Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR):
SNR is defined as the ratio of signal power to noise power. Noise
distorts the signal and accumulated along the path.
The dB value is calculated by taking the log of the ratio of the
measured or calculated power (PS) wrt a reference power (PN)
level.
Commonly referred to as the power ratio form for dB
signal power (W ) Ps P Vs2 / Rin
SNR = SNRdB 10 log 10 log 2
s dB
Pn
noise power (W ) Pn n
V / R out
It is normally measured in Decibel (dB), defined as 10 times the
algorithm (to base 10) of the power ratio.
Eg.: SNR of 10, 100 and 1000 correspond to 10, 20, and 30dBs,
respectively.
dBm is a dB level using a 1mW reference.
Example - Convert 1mW to dBm
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Decibel
decibel is a relative unit of measurement used frequently in
electronic communications to describe power gain or loss
Equation 1 is commonly referred to as the power ratio form for dB.
(Eq. 1)
(Eq. 2)
(Eq. 3)
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1.2 SNR, Bandwidth & Rate of Communication
Example 1 – A receiver produces a noise power of
200mW with no signal. The output level increases to
5 W when a signal is applied. Calculate (S + N)/N as a
power ratio and in decibels.
Example 2 – A measured value of 10mW will result in
what dBm power level?
Example 3 - A laser diode outputs +10dBm. Convert this
value to
(i) watts (ii) dB
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Example:
A laser diode launched a 33dBm optical power
level into a fiber flylead.
i. Convert this value to both in dB and Watt.
ii. The optical signal travels along 60km distance with
power loss of 0.3dB per kilometer. Determine the
received optical power level in Watt and dB.
A laser diode outputs +20dBm. Convert this value to
both in dB and Watt.
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1.2 SNR, Bandwidth & Rate of Communication
2. Bandwidth
Bandwidth is that portion of the electromagnetic spectrum
occupied by a signal.
Specifically, bandwidth is the difference between the upper
and lower frequency limits of the signal or the equipment
operation range.
Figure 1, shows the bandwidth of the voice frequency range
from 300 to 3000Hz. The upper frequency is f2 and the
lower frequency is f1. The bandwidth, then is
BW = f2 – f1
Bandwidth is the frequency range over
which equipment operates or that
portion of the spectrum occupied by the
signal. This is the voice frequency
bandwidth.
Chapter 1
Introduction to Communication Systems
WHAT IS BANDWIDTH ?
IT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE HIGHEST FREQUENCIES
AND THE LOWEST FREQUENCIES OF THE INPUT SIGNAL
FREQUENCIES (fB = 2fm ).
The bandwidth of a communication signal bandwidth of the information signal.
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1.2 SNR, Bandwidth & Rate of Communication
2. Bandwidth
Bandwidth of a channel is the range of frequencies that it
can transmit with reasonable fidelity.
Bandwidth of an information signal is the difference
between the highest and lowest frequencies contained in the
information.
Bandwidth of a communication channel is the difference
between the highest and lowest frequencies that the
channel will allow to pass through it (ie: its pass band).
Data rate proportional to bandwidth
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1.2 SNR, Bandwidth & Rate of Communication
3. Rate of Communication
Rate of information transmission is directly
proportional with its bandwidth
Shannon limit for information capacity, C
C = B log2 (1 + SNR)
= 3.32B log10 (1 + SNR)
Where C = information capacity (bps)
B = bandwidth (Hz)
SNR = signal to noise ratio (no unit)
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1.2 SNR, Bandwidth & Rate of Communication
Example 4 -The telephone channel has a bandwidth of about 3kHz.
Calculate the capacity of a telephone channel that has an SNR of
1023.
Example 5 – For a standard telephone circuit with a SNR of 30dB
and a bandwidth of 2.7 kHz, determine the Shannon limit for
information capacity.
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Example:
A typical SNR value for data transmission through fiber
optic cable is 18dB. Determine the information capacity if
the optical channel bandwidth is 100 GHz.
Consider a standard telephone channel with BW of 3
kHz and intended capacity of 20 kbps.
i. Calculate the SNRdB required to achieve this capacity.
ii. How long does it take to send 2 Mb of data through the
channel?
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