LECTURE 9- BDA 20103

DYNAMICS

PROF. MADYA DR. MOHD KHIR BIN MOHD NOR

Jabatan Kejuruteraan Mekanik,
Fakulti Kejuruteraan Mekanikal dan Pembuatan,
Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia
Impact
 Direct Central Impact
 Oblique Central Impact
 Examples

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 Definition of Impact
Refers to collisions of two bodies and is characterized by
generation of relatively large contact (impulsive) forces which
act over a short interval of time

Plane of contact

n-axis
(line of impact)

Examples of impact…

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Categories of Impact
 CENTRAL IMPACT
If both mass centers are on the n-axis (line of impact)
 OBLIQUE IMPACT
When the motion of one or both of the particles (vA and
vB) make an angle with the line of impact
 DIRECT IMPACT
When the direction of motion of the mass centers of the
two colliding particles (vA and vB) is along a line passing
through the mass centers of the particles
 ECCENTRIC IMPACT
If either mass center is off the n-axis (line of impact)

4
 CENTRAL IMPACT
(If both mass centers are on the n-axis)

Particle
Rigid body

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 ECCENTRIC IMPACT
(If either mass center is off the n-axis)

Only in rigid bodies

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 DIRECT IMPACT
(If vA and vB are parallel to the n-axis)

The motion (velocity) of particles or rigid bodies

acts on mass centers

Direct-Central Impact Direct-Eccentric Impact

Particles/rigid Bodies Rigid Bodies

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 OBLIQUE IMPACT
If either vA or vB is not parallel to the n-axis

Oblique-Central Impact Oblique-Eccentric Impact

Particles/Rigid Bodies Rigid Bodies

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 Impact illustration
Before Impact
v1 v2
m1 m2

During impact
-F m1 m2 F

After impact v1’ v2’

m1 m2

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 Direct Central Impact

Before Impact

Period of Deformation
The two particles will deform and
at the end, they will have the
velocity vo

Period of Restitution
The two particles either will have
regained their original shape or
will stay permanently deformed

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 Coefficient Of Restitution
n-momentum is conserved for system of both masses

m1v1  m2 v2  m v  m v
'
1 1
'
2 2

Restitution relationships holds in the n-direction

Coefficient of v v
' '

restitution: Measure of the e 2 1

"bounciness" of a collision v1  v2
between two objects

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 Special cases of
direct-central impacts
Perfectly Elastic Impact
e=1
No kinetic energy is dissipated, and the objects rebound from one another
with the same relative speed with which they approached.

Perfectly Plastic Impact

e=0
This is a perfectly 'inelastic' collision. The objects do not move apart after
the collision. Kinetic energy is converted to heat or work done in
deforming the objects
Some typical values of e are:
Steel on steel: 0.5 – 0.8
Wood on wood: 0.4 – 0.6
Lead on lead: 0.12 – 0.18
Glass on glass: 0.93 – 0.95
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 Oblique Central Impact
mA, mB, vA and vB
are known variables
t
θB’
θA’

vB’
vA’

n
mA mB
vA vB

θA θB

vA’, vB’, θA’, and θB’ are not known, hence need 4 equations

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 Equations to analyze oblique-central impact
n-axis
Coefficient restitution to the n-axis

 vB 'n   vA'n vB 'sin  B ' (  v A'sin  A')

en  
 v A  n   vB  n v A sin  A  (vB sin  B )

Momentum for the system is conserved

mAv A sin  A  mB vB sin  B  mB vB'sin  B' mA v A'sin  A'

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 Equations to analyze oblique-central impact
t-axis

Momentum for mA is conserved

mAv A cos  A  mA v A'cos  A'

Momentum for mB is conserved

mB vB cos  B  mB vB'cos  B'

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• These unknown are represented either as (vA)2,
(vB)2, θ2 and Φ2, or as the x and y components of
the final velocities.

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 PROCEDURE FOR ANALYSIS (OBLIQUE IMPACT)

If the y axis is established within the plane of

contact and the x axis along the line of impact, the
impulsive forces of deformation and restitution act
only in the x direction.

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Example
The 4kg masses A and B in Figure 1 slide on the smooth
horizontal bar. Determine their velocities after they collide
if;
a. Both masses stick or couple together.
b. Their coefficient of restitution is e = 0.8.

VA = 10m/s VB = 5m/s

A B

Figure 1

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Solution
a. If the masses stick together, they have the same velocity
after the collision. Apply the conservation of linear
momentum,
mAvA + mBvB = (mA + mB)v
let v become the common velocity after impact,

(4)(10) + (4)(-5) = (4 + 4)v

v = 2.5m/s (move towards right after impact)

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b. Use the conservation of linear momentum and coefficient
of restitution to determine the velocity of mass A and B
after collision

mAvA + mBvB = mAvA’ + mBvB’

(4)(10) + (4)(-5) = 4vA’ + 4vB’
4vA’ + 4vB’ = 20 ----------- (1)

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 v' B  v' A
e
v A  vB

e = 0.8 = ( vB’ – vA’ )/ (vA – vB)

0.8 = ( vB’ – vA’ )/ (10 – (-5))
vB’ – vA’ = 12 ------------(2)
Solve (1) and (2),
vB’ = 8.5m/s (to the right)
vA’ = -3.5m/s ( to the left)

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Example
The bag A, having a mass of 6 kg is released from
rest at the position θ = 0°. After falling to θ = 90°, it
strikes an 18 kg box B. If the coefficient of
restitution between the bag and the box is e = 0.5,
determine the velocities of the bag and box just
after impact and the loss of energy during collision.

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Conservation of Energy. With the datum at θ =
0°, we have
T0  V0  T1  V1
1
0  0  (6)(v A )12  6(9.81)(1)
2
(v A )1  4.43m / s

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Conservation of Momentum. After impact, we
will assume A and B travel to the left.

( ) mB (vB )1  m A (v A )1  mB (vB )2  m A (v A )2
0  (6)(4.43)  (18)(vB )2  6(v A )2
(v A )2  4.43  3(vB )2

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Coefficient of Restitution. Realizing that for
separation to occur after collision (vB)2 > (vA)2,
 (vB ) 2  (v A ) 2
( ) e
(v A )1  (vB )1
(v A ) 2  (vB ) 2  2.215
Solving the two equations
simultaneously,
(v A ) 2  0.554m / s  0.554m / s 
(vB ) 2  1.66m / s 

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Loss of Energy. Applying the principle of work and
energy to the bag and box just before and after
collision, we have

1 1 2 1 2
U12  T2  T1   2 (mB )(vB ) 2  2 (mA )(v A ) 2    2 (mA )(v A )1 
2

1 1 2 1 2
U12   2 (18)(1.66)  2 (6)(0.544)    2 (6)(4.33) 
2

 33.15 J

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 Example
Two smooth disks A and B, having mass of 1 kg
and 2 kg respectively, collide with the velocities
shown. If the coefficient of restitution for the disks
is e = 0.75, determine the x and y components of
the final velocity of each disk just after collision.

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 Solution
Resolving each of the initial velocities into x and y
components, we have

(v Ax )1  3 cos 30  2.60m / s
(v Ay )1  3 sin 30  1.50m / s
(vBx )1  1cos 45  0.707m / s
(vBy )1  1sin 45  0.707m / s

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Conservation of “x” Momentum.


( ) m A (v Ax )1  mB (vBx )1  m A (v Ax ) 2  mB (vBx ) 2
1(2.60)  2(0.707)  1(v Ax ) 2  2(vBx ) 2
(v Ax ) 2  2(vBx ) 2  1.18

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Conservation of (x) Restitution. Both disks are
assumed to have components of velocity in the +x
direction after collision,
 (vBx ) 2  (v Ax ) 2
( ) e
(v Ax )1  (vBx )1
(vBx ) 2  (v Ax ) 2
0.75 
2.60  (0.07)
(vBx ) 2  (v Ax ) 2  2.48

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Solving the two simultaneous equations,

(v Ax ) 2  1.26m / s  1.26m / s 
(vBx ) 2  1.22m / s 

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Conservation of “y” Momentum. The
momentum of each disk is conserved in the y
direction (plane of contact), since the disks are
smooth and therefore no external impulse acts in
this direction.

(  ) mA (v Ay )1  mA (v Ay )2
(v Ay ) 2  1.5m / s 
(  ) mB (vBy )1  mB (vBy )2
(vBy ) 2  0.707m / s  0.707m / s 

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Example
A 30 kg block is dropped from a height of 2 m onto the the 10 kg pan of a
spring scale. Assuming the impact to be perfectly plastic, determine the
maximum deflection of the pan. The constant of the spring is k = 20 kN/m.

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 SOLUTION:
• Apply principle of conservation of energy to
determine velocity of the block at instant of impact.
T1  0 V1  WA y  30 9.812   588 J
T2  12 m A v A 22  12 30 v A 22 V2  0
T1  V1  T2  V2
0  588 J  12 30 v A 22  0 v A 2  6.26 m s

• Determine velocity after impact from requirement that

total momentum of the block and pan is conserved.

m A v A 2  mB vB 2  m A  mB v3
306.26  0  30  10v3 v3  4.70 m s

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 • Apply the principle of conservation of energy to
determine the maximum deflection of the spring.

T3  12 m A  mB v32  12 30  104.72  442 J

V3  Vg  Ve

   2
 0  12 kx32  12 20  103 4.91  103  0.241 J
T4  0
V4  Vg  Ve  WA  WB   h  12 kx42
Initial spring deflection due to pan  
 392x4  x3   12 20  103 x42
weight:

 392 x4  4.91  103   20  10  x
1
2
3 2
4

WB 109.81 3
x3    4.91  10 m
k 20  10 3 T3  V3  T4  V4
  
442  0.241  0  392 x4  4.91  103  12 20  103 x42 
x4  0.230 m

h  x4  x3  0.230 m  4.91  103 m h  0.225 m

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Example of Impact / Collision……
1. A car crash in Tokyo, Japan

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 2. A car crash and roll-over

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 3. A head-on collision between a Perodua Kancil and an
old Mitsubishi Lancer.

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4. A truck crash.

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 Till we meet again….in CHAPTER 3

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