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Regulation of Respiration

The document summarizes the key components of the respiratory control center located in the brainstem. It discusses neurons located in the pons and medulla that control inspiration and expiration. It also describes centers that maintain breathing rhythm and facilitate prolonged patterns. Additionally, it outlines various inputs that influence ventilation, such as sensations from the limbic system and chemoreceptors responding to blood gas levels.

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Sheeraz Shahzad
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190 views21 pages

Regulation of Respiration

The document summarizes the key components of the respiratory control center located in the brainstem. It discusses neurons located in the pons and medulla that control inspiration and expiration. It also describes centers that maintain breathing rhythm and facilitate prolonged patterns. Additionally, it outlines various inputs that influence ventilation, such as sensations from the limbic system and chemoreceptors responding to blood gas levels.

Uploaded by

Sheeraz Shahzad
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Sheeraz Shehzad

Roll no 40
DPT Final Year
 Breathing requires repetitive stimulation from
the brain as skeletal muscles required for
ventilation are unable to contract without
nervous stimulation.
 1. Neurons present in Pons
 2. Neurons present in Medulla Oblongata
 Inspiratory Neurons : Located in dorsal
respiratory group of medulla, firing leads to
deeper breath.
 Expiratory Neurons : Triggered with forced
expiration, stimulation causes inhibition of
inspiratory neurons when deeper expiration
is warranted.
• Pneumotaxic Center : Located in upper pons
• Maintains rhythm of ventilation balancing the
time periods of inspiration and expiration by
inhibiting inspiratory center of medulla
• Apneustic Center : It facilitates prolonged
breathing patterns when it is uninhibited
from pneumotaxic center
 It receives afferent input from various
locations
 Hypothalamus
 Limbic System
 Chemoreceptors
 Lung Receptors
 Sensations of pain and alterations in emotion
alter ventilation through input coming to
brainstem from limbic system and
hypothalamus.
 For example, Anxiety triggers
Hyperventilation leading to reduced CO2
levels in blood.
 Located in brainstem and peripheral arteries
 Responsible for sensing alterations in

 Blood pH
 CO2
 O2
 They are of two types
 1.Central Chemoreceptors
 2.Peripheral Chemoreceptors
 They are stimulated when CO2 levels rise in
CSF
 They facilitate an increased depth and rate of
ventilation to restore normal CO2 levels and
blood pH
 They are found within carotid artery and
aortic arch
 They respond to hypercapnia as well as
hypoxia by increasing ventilation
 Patients of COPD with chronically high levels
of CO2 rely mostly on oxygen levels for
regulation of their respiration.
 Reason ??
 There are 3 types of lung receptors that send
signals to respiratory center within brainstem
1. Irritant Receptors
2. Stretch Receptors
3. J Receptors
 Found within the epithelial layer of
conducting airways
 Respond to various noxious gases,particulate
matter and irritants causing them to initiate
cough reflex
 They also cause bronchial constriction and
increase ventilatory rate
 Located along the smooth muscle lining of
airways
 Sensitive to increasing size and volume within
lung
 Hering-Breuer Reflex
 Located near the pulmonary capillaries
 Respond to increased pulmonary capillary
pressures
 When stimulated, they inititate a rapid ,
shallow breathing pattern
 Also produce cough reflex

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