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Understanding Petroleum Processing

Petroleum, or crude oil, is a thick liquid found beneath the Earth's surface that is refined into many useful products. The process of petroleum processing involves exploring for crude oil deposits, transporting oil to refineries, removing impurities from the crude oil, evaluating its properties, distilling it into fractions like gasoline and diesel, and further refining these fractions through processes like cracking and reforming. Petroleum processing is crucial as it allows crude oil to be transformed into the many fuel and chemical products that modern society depends on.

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Rav Christian Llave
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233 views47 pages

Understanding Petroleum Processing

Petroleum, or crude oil, is a thick liquid found beneath the Earth's surface that is refined into many useful products. The process of petroleum processing involves exploring for crude oil deposits, transporting oil to refineries, removing impurities from the crude oil, evaluating its properties, distilling it into fractions like gasoline and diesel, and further refining these fractions through processes like cracking and reforming. Petroleum processing is crucial as it allows crude oil to be transformed into the many fuel and chemical products that modern society depends on.

Uploaded by

Rav Christian Llave
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

PETROLEUM

PROCESSING
Llave, Rav Christian M.
Mañalong, John Kenneth A.
CHM150L – A01
E D U O I L
Z C R D E U
C R U D E

O I L

E D U O I L
Z C R D E U
P D U O N L
Z C T R X E
P E T R O N

P D U O N L
Z C T R X E
Imagine life without this
Or this
Or riding this one
Petroleum makes our life easier!
PETROLEUM PROCESSING
 Petroleum
 A thick, flammable, yellow-to-black mixture of
gaseous, liquid, and solid hydrocarbons that
occurs naturally beneath the earth's surface.
 Needs refining in order to use.
 Also called as crude oil
 One of world’s main fossil fuel

 Largest employers for chemical engineers.


HISTORY
HISTORY

HUNDRED MILLION
YEARS AGO
 Exact day and location
is unknown
 Ancient people
worshipped fires fueled
by natural gas
HISTORY
6000 BC
 Use of asphalt as boat
and house seal
3000 BC
 Construction of pyramid,
using asphalt.
 Greasing the pharoah’s
axle using asphalt
 Asphalt as embalming
agent for mummies.
DID YOU KNOW?
Asphalt was used during biblical time:
1. As a mortar in Tower of Babel
2. As a seal of Noah’s Ark
HISTORY
Early 1800’s 1858
 Whale oil became scarce  James Miller Williams
(main source of lamp  Discovered first
fuel) commercial oil.
 People thought
petroleum was not that
important
 People thought that
removal of petroleum
turns off the fire in hell
HISTORY

1859
 Colonel Edwin L. Drake
 Discovered the
main source of
kerosene
 Started the modern 1885
petroleum industry  Gasoline engine was
made
HISTORY
Present
1892  Petroleum is more
 Diesel engine was versatile
made
 Use of gas and diesel
as transportation fuel
ORIGIN
ORIGIN

 Kerogen
 Ancient marine bodies turns into this before
becoming a fossil fuel.

 Through pressure and heat, kerogens gradually


turns into fossil fuel.
Oil and Gas Reservoir
PRODUCTION STATISTICS
PRODUCTS OF PETROLEUM
PRODUCTS OF PETROLEUM
Gasoline Lubricating Oil PETROCHEMICALS

Kerosene Asphalt
CONSTITUENTS OF
PETROLEUM
1. Aliphatics or Open Chains
2. Ring Compounds
3. Lesser Components
4. Natural Gas Liquids
1. ALIPHATICS OR OPEN CHAINS
HYDROCARBONS
n-Paraffin Series or Alkanes, CnH2n+2

 Compromises larger fraction of the petroleum.


 Has low antiknock properties and octane rating.
 Straight chain hydrocarbons present in petroleum.
1. ALIPHATICS OR OPEN CHAINS
HYDROCARBONS
Isoparaffin Series or Alkanes, CnH2n+2

 Higher antiknock properties and octane rating


than n-Paraffin
 Branched hydrocarbons
1. ALIPHATICS OR OPEN CHAINS
HYDROCARBONS
Olefin or Alkenes Series, CnH2n

 Not present in petroleum initially.


 Refined through cracking.
2. RING COMPOUNDS
Naphthalene Series or Cycloalkanes, CnH2n

 Same formula as olefins but lacks in stability.


 Generally good fuels
 2nd most abundant in crude oil next to n-Paraffin.
2. RING COMPOUNDS
Aromatic or Benzoid Series, CnH2n-6

 Small amount of this is present in crude oil.


 Has high antiknock properties and octane rating.
Thus good for gasoline engines.
3. LESSER COMPONENTS

Sulfur
 Useless and undesirable compound
 Has bad odor
 Causes corrosion in pipes
4. NATURAL GAS

 Part of underground reservoir

 Major feedstock of petrochemicals.


OIL EXPLORATION AND
REFINING PROCESS
1. Oil Exploration
2/3. Transportation
2/3. Desalting and Dewatering Process
4. Evaluation
5. Distillation
6. Other Refining Operation
1. OIL EXPLORATION
 Geologists uses seismic surveying.
 Seismic Surveying
 Prints 3D view of earth’s interior
 Oil rig is build once the oil and gas reservoir was
found
2/3. TRANSPORTATION
 Crude oil is transported from oil rig to refinery.
 Methods of transportation
 Roads
 Ships
 Rails
 Pipeline
2/3. DESALTING AND DEWATERING
PROCESS
 Cleans crude oil
 Removes water soluble materials
 Crude oil contaminants causes corrosion and
catalyst deactivation.
4. EVALUATION
 Density (American Petroleum Institute)

Gravity, °API=(141.5/specific gravity) - 131.5


4. EVALUATION
 Watson Characterization Factor
1
𝑇𝑤 3
𝐾𝑤 =
𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦
Kw > 12.5  More paraffinic
Kw < 10.0  More aromatic

 Sulfur Content
5. DISTILLATION
 Primary refining process
 Separation of hydrocarbon compounds into
several fractions
6. OTHER REFINING PROCESSES
 Reformer
 Conversion of naphthas to high octane
products called reformates.
 Alkylation Unit
 Converts petroleum into alkylates, a high
octane product.
 Coking
 Converts heavy feedstock into transportation
fuels
6. OTHER REFINING PROCESSES
 Reformer
 Conversion of naphthas to high octane
products called reformates.
 Alkylation Unit
 Converts petroleum into alkylates, a high
octane product.
 Coking
 Converts heavy feedstock into transportation
fuels
6. OTHER REFINING PROCESSES
 Cracking
 Breaks down long hydrocarbon into shorter
alkane and alkene.

 Thermal Cracking
 High P and T
 Catalytic Cracking
 Fast reaction

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