DYNAMIC

MECH 312

S
AGUILA, PIA ADELLE
DIMAANO, GIAN ANDREA M.
GALVEZ, MA. ANDREA DENISE
T.
TUBERA, KARL JOEVINCE L.
VERDADERO, BJORN G.
DYNAMICS deals with the study of bodies in MOTION
DYNAMICS
KINEMATICS
a treatment of the relationship between displacement,
velocity, and acceleration

KINETICS
a treatment of the relationship between the force acting on
the body to its mass and acceleration

PARTICLE
very small amount of matter which may be assumed to
occupy single part in space
 DYNAMICS deals with the study of bodies in MOTION
DYNAMICS
RIGID BODIES
combination of large number of particles occupying fixed
positions with respect to each other

RECTILINEAR KINEMATICS
Continuous motion

VARIABLE ACCELERATION
change in acceleration all throughout of the path

POSITION
Location on cartesian plane
 DISTANCE DISPLACE
TRAVELED MENT
is a (+) scalar; Change in position
represents total distance
traveled
 AVERAGE VELOCITY INSTANTANEOUS VELOCITY
∆𝒔 ∆𝒔 𝒅𝒔
∆𝒔 𝒅𝒔
𝑽𝑨𝑽𝑬 = 𝑽=
𝑽 = 𝒍𝒊𝒎
𝒍𝒊𝒎∆𝒕
∆𝒕 𝒕𝒐
𝒕𝒐 𝟎𝟎 =
=
∆𝒕 ∆𝒕 𝒅𝒕
∆𝒕 𝒅𝒕

Measure of the RATE OF CHANGE in position

VELOCITY
VELOCITY of a particle
 𝑠𝑡 (𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒)
(𝑉𝑠𝑝 )𝐴𝑉𝐸 =
∆𝑡

always (+) scalar, defined as total distance

AVERAGE SPEED
AVERAGE SPEED traveled by a particle over a period of time
 ∆𝑉
𝑎𝐴𝑉𝐸 =
∆𝑡
∆𝑉 𝑑𝑉
𝑎 = 𝑙𝑖𝑚∆𝑡 𝑡𝑜 0 = 𝑑𝑉 𝑑𝑠
𝑑𝑉 𝑑𝑠
∆𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑉 = ;; 𝑉𝑑𝑉
= 𝑉𝑑𝑉 =
= 𝑎𝑑𝑠
𝑎𝑑𝑠
𝑎= 𝑎𝑎 𝑉
𝑉
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑠
𝑉=
𝑑𝑡

measure of the rate of change in the velocity

ACCELERATION
ACCELERATION of a particle
3 EQUATIONS THE DESCRIBE THE
MOTION OF A PARTICLE

𝑑𝑠
𝑣= 𝑉 𝑠
𝑡 𝑉 𝑑𝑡 න 𝑉𝑑𝑉 = 𝑎 න 𝑑𝑠
𝑉𝑑𝑡 = 𝑑𝑠 𝑉𝑜 0
𝑎 න 𝑑𝑡 = න 𝑑𝑉
0 𝑉𝑜
𝑡 𝑠 𝑉2 − 𝑉𝑜2
න 𝑎𝑡 + 𝑉𝑜 𝑑𝑡 = න 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑎𝑠
0 0 2

𝟏 𝟐𝟐
𝒂𝒕 =
𝒂𝒕 =𝑽𝑽−
− 𝑽𝒐
𝑽𝒐 𝟐
𝒂𝒕 + 𝑽𝒐𝒕 = 𝒔 𝑽𝟐𝟐 −
𝑽 𝑽𝒐𝟐𝟐 =
− 𝑽𝒐 = 𝟐𝒂𝒔
𝟐𝒂𝒔
 EXAMPLE #1
A PARTICLE MOVES IN A STRAIGHT LINE ACCORDING TO
THE LAW 𝑠 = 𝑡 3 − 4𝑡 2 + 5 WHERE S IS IN FT, T IS IN
SEC.
a. When t = 5s, compute the
velocity
b. Find the average velocity during the
4th second
c. Find the average speed
during the 4th second
d. When the particle again comes to rest,
what is the acceleration?
 a
𝑠 = 𝑡 3 − 4𝑡 2 + 5
𝑑𝑠
SOLUTION
𝑉= = 3𝑡 2 − 8𝑡 𝑎𝑡 5 𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑑𝑡
𝑉 = 3(5)2 − 8(5)
𝑽 = 𝟑𝟓 𝒇𝒕 𝑠𝑡
(𝑉𝐴𝑉𝐸 )𝑠𝑝 = V=0
∆𝑡 0 = 𝑉 = 3𝑡 2 − 8𝑡
𝑠4 + 𝑠3 + 𝑠2 + 𝑠1 8
=

c d
∆𝑡 𝑡 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑺𝟒 − 𝑺𝟎 𝟓−𝟓 3 2 3
𝑽𝑨𝑽𝑬 = = =𝟎 𝑠 = 𝑡 − 4𝑡 + 5 𝑑𝑉
∆𝒕 𝟒

b
𝑠1 = 2 = 𝑎 = 6𝑡 − 8
𝑠4 = 𝑡 3 − 4𝑡 2 + 5 𝑑𝑡
𝑠2 = −3 8
𝑠4 = (4)3 −4(4)2 +5 𝑎=6 −8
𝑠3 = −4
𝑠4 = 5 3
𝑠4 = 5
𝑠0 = 𝑡 3 − 4𝑡 2 + 5 𝟏𝟖 𝒇𝒕
𝒇𝒕
𝒂=𝟖 𝟐
𝑠0 = 03 − 4(0)2 +5 (𝑽𝑨𝑽𝑬 )𝒔𝒑 = = 𝟒. 𝟓 𝒔
𝑠0 = 5 𝟒 𝒔
 SOLUTION
A SPHERE IS FIRED
DOWNWARD INTO A 𝑎 = −6𝑡
MEDIUM WITH AN 𝑑𝑉 𝑑𝑠
= −6𝑡 = 27 − 3𝑡 2
INITIAL SPEED OF 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑉 𝑡 𝑠 𝑡
𝒎
27 . IF IT න 𝑑𝑉 = −6 න 𝑡𝑑𝑡 න 𝑑𝑠 = න 27 − 3𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡
𝒔 27 0 0 0
EXPERIENCES A 𝑉 𝑡 𝑠 = 27𝑡 − 𝑡 3 @ 𝑡 = 3
𝑉[ = −3𝑡 [2
DECELERATION OF 27 0 𝑠 = 27 3 − (3)3
𝑚 𝑉 − 27 = −3𝑡 2
𝑎 = 6𝑡 2 WHERE t 𝒔 = 𝟓𝟒𝒎
𝑠 t=3
IS IN SECONDS,
𝑉 = 27 − 3𝑡 2
DETERMINE THE
DISTANCE TRAVELED
BEFORE IT STOPS.
EXAMPLE #2
 SOLUTION
𝑉 = −4𝑠 2
𝑑𝑠
= −4𝑠 2
𝑠
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑠 𝑡 A PARTICLE IS
න 2 = − න 4𝑑𝑡
2 𝑠 0
MOVING ALONG A
Solve for s:
1 𝑠
− [ = −4𝑡 1 STRAIGHT LINE
2 2 𝑠=
1 1 1
+ 4𝑡
SUCH THAT ITS
− + = −4𝑡 2
𝑠 2 𝑉=𝑓 𝑡 SPEED IS DEFINED
𝑉 = −4𝑠 2
2
AS 𝑉 = −4𝑠 2 WHERE
1
𝑉 = −4
1 s IS IN METERS.
+ 4𝑡
𝑎=
𝑑𝑉
=𝑑
−4 2 IF s = 2m WHEN t
𝑑𝑡 2
1
2
+ 4𝑡 = 0, DETERMINE
𝒂=
𝟑𝟐 THE VELOCITY AND
EXAMPLE #3
𝟐
𝟏
𝟐
+ 𝟒𝒕 ACCELERATIONS AS
NOTE: constant a A FUNCTION OF
TIME.
 RECTILINEAR MOTION
𝟏 𝟐
𝒂𝒕 = 𝑽 − 𝑽𝒐 𝟐
𝒂𝒕 + 𝑽𝒐𝒕 = 𝒔 𝑽𝟐 − 𝑽𝒐𝟐 = 𝟐𝒂𝒔

FREE FALL
𝟏 𝟐
g𝒕 = 𝑽 − 𝑽𝒐 𝟐
𝒈𝒕 + 𝑽𝒐𝒕 = 𝒔 𝑽𝟐 − 𝑽𝒐𝟐 = 𝟐𝒈𝒔

ROTATION/RADIAL
𝟏 𝟐
𝒈𝒕 = 𝝎 − 𝝎𝒐 = 𝓛𝒕 𝓛𝒕 + 𝝎𝒐𝒕 = 𝜽 𝜔2 − 𝜔𝑜 2 = 2ℒ𝜔
𝟐
 FREE FALL
EXAMPLE #4
A BALL IS THROWN VERTICALLY UPWARD FROM THE TOP OF A 30M
𝑚
HIGH BUILDING WITH AN INITIAL VELOCITY OF 5 . AT THE SAME
𝑠
INSTANT, ANOTHER BALL B IS THROWN UPWARD FROM THE GROUND
𝑚
WITH AN INITIAL VELOCITY OF 20 .
𝑠

note: a. When will the balls meet?

𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝑉𝐴 − 𝑉𝐵
b. Where will the balls meet?

c. What is the relative

velocity of the two balls
when they meet?
 SOLUTION

a
𝑠𝐵 = 𝑠𝐴 + 30
1 1 𝑉 = 𝑉𝑜 + 𝑔𝑡
20𝑡 + 9.8 𝑡 2 = 5𝑡 − 9.8 𝑡 2 + 30
2 2 𝑉𝐴 = 5 − 9.8(2)

c
20𝑡 − 4.9𝑡 = 5𝑡 − 4.9𝑡 2 + 30
2 𝑚
𝑉𝐴 = −14.6
5𝑡 = 30 𝑠
𝒕 = 𝟐 𝒔𝒆𝒄. 𝑉𝐵 = 20 − 9.8(2)
𝑚
𝑉𝐵 = 0.4
𝑠

b
𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝑉𝐴 − 𝑉𝐵
𝑠𝐵 = 20𝑡 − 4.9𝑡 2 𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = −14.6 − 0.4
𝑠𝐵 = 20(2) − 4.9(2)2 𝒎
𝑹𝒆𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝑽𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚 = 𝟏𝟓
𝒔𝑩 = 𝟐𝟎. 𝟒 𝒎 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒈𝒓𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒅 𝒔
 RECTILINEAR MOTION
EXAMPLE #5
TEST REVEAL THAT A NORMAL DRIVER TAKES ABOUT 0.75 SECONDS
BEFORE HE OR SHE CAN REACT TO A SITUATION TO AVOID
COLLISION. IT TAKES ABOUT 3 SECONDS FOR A DRIVER HAVING
0.10% ALCOHOL IN HIS SYSTEM TO DO THE SAME. IF SUCH DRIVERS
ARE TRAVELLING ON STRAIGHT ROAD AT 30 MPH AND THEIR CARS CAN
𝑓𝑡
DECELERATE AT 2 2 , DETERMINE THE SHORTEST STOPPING DISTANCE
𝑠
D FOR EACH FROM THE MOMENT THEY SEE THE PEDESTRIAN.

𝑚𝑖 𝑓𝑡
𝑉 = 30 = 44
ℎ𝑟 𝑠

d
 SOLUTION

Vo = V = 𝑉 2 − 𝑉𝑜 2 = 2𝑎𝑠

car
𝑉 2 − 𝑉𝑜 2 02 − 442
44 0 𝑠= 𝑠1 =
2𝑎 2(−2)
s = 484 = 𝑑2 (Car 1 and 2)
d1 = d2 Car 1:
33 𝑑1 = 𝑉𝑡

1
𝑓𝑡
𝑑1 = 44 0.75 = 33𝑓𝑡
𝑠
Car 2:

car
Vo = V = 𝑑1 = 𝑉𝑡
𝑓𝑡
44 0 𝑑1 = 44 3 = 132𝑓𝑡
𝑠
𝑫𝒕𝟏 = 𝟑𝟑 + 𝟒𝟖𝟒 = 𝟓𝟏𝟕 𝒇𝒕 (𝑪𝒂𝒓 𝟏)
d1 = d2 𝑫𝒕𝟏 = 𝟏𝟑𝟐 + 𝟒𝟖𝟒 = 𝟔𝟏𝟔 𝒇𝒕 (𝑪𝒂𝒓 𝟐)
132

2
 MOTION CURVES
MOTION CURVES
When in erratic conditions, it cannot be described by a single
continuous equation.
changes its acceleration with regards to time
Since a series of functions will be required to specify the motion of different
intervals, it is convenient to represent motion as a graph.

Graphing provides a good way to handle complex motion that

would be difficult to describe in formulas.

s-
note: t v- a-
1
t 1
t O O
 MOTION CURVES
MOTION CURVES
geometric shapes to be
used:
 𝒅𝒔
𝒅𝒔
Velocity = = slope of the s-
𝒅𝒕
𝒅𝒕
t graph Plots of position versus time can be used to find velocity versus time curves. Finding the
s-t graph
s-t graphslope of the time tangent to the motion curve at any point is the velocity at that point.
𝒅𝑽
𝒅𝑽
Acceleration = = slope of the v- 𝒅𝒕
𝒅𝒕
t Displacement
graph = area under v-t
graph
v-t
v-t graphCan be constructed by finding the slope of various points along the 𝑠 − 𝑡 graph.
graph
a-t
a-t graph
graph
change in velocity = area under a-t
graph
 EXAMPLE #1
𝑚
A car starts from rest and reached a speed of 48 in 15
𝑠
seconds. The acceleration increases from zero uniformly
with time for the first 6 seconds after which it
remains constant.
a. Which of the following gives the constant
acceleration?
b. Which of the following gives the
velocity after 6 seconds?
c. Which of the following gives the distance
traveled in 15 seconds?
 a
1 1
𝐴1 = 𝑏ℎ = 6 𝑎 = 3𝑎
2 2
𝐴2 = 𝑏ℎ = 9 𝑎 = 9𝑎
48 = 𝐴1 + 𝐴2 = 3𝑎 + 9𝑎
𝒎
𝒂=𝟒 𝟐
𝒔

b
𝑉6𝑠 = 3𝑎 = 3(4)
𝒎

SOLUTION
𝑽𝟔𝒔 = 𝟏𝟐
𝒔

c
1 1
𝐴3 = 𝑏ℎ = 6 12 = 24 𝑚
3 3
1 1
𝐴4 = 𝑏1 + 𝑏2 ℎ = 12 + 48 (9) = 270 𝑚
2 2
𝐴 𝑇 = 𝐴3 + 𝐴4 = 24 + 270
𝑨𝑻 = 𝒔𝟏𝟓𝒔 = 𝟐𝟗𝟒 𝒎
 EXAMPLE #2
𝑚
A car accelerates from initial velocity of 10 . The
𝑠
𝑚
acceleration is increasing uniformly from zero to 82 in 6
𝑠
seconds. During the next two seconds, the car decelerates
𝑚
at a constant rate of 2 2.
a. Which of the following most nearly gives𝑠 the
velocity after 6 seconds?
b. Which of the following most nearly gives the
distance traveled after 6 seconds?
c. Which of the following most nearly gives the
distance traveled after 8 seconds?
 1 1 𝑚
𝐴1 = 𝑏ℎ = 6 8 = 24 2
2 2 𝑠
𝑚
𝐴2 = 𝑏ℎ = 2 −2 = −4 2
𝑠
1 1
𝐴3 = 𝑏ℎ + 𝑏ℎ = 6 24 + (6)(10) = 108 𝑚
3 3
1 1
𝐴4 = 𝑏1 + 𝑏2 ℎ = 34 + 30 (2) = 64 𝑚
2 2
𝑠𝑇 = 𝐴3 + 𝐴4 = 108 + 64
𝑠𝑇 = 172 𝑚

SOLUTION
a b c
34 m/s 108m 172m
 EXAMPLE #3
The car starts from rest and travels along a
straight track such that it accelerates at a
𝑚
constant 10 for 10 seconds, and then decelerates
𝑠
𝑚
atto
a. Determine the time needed a stop
constant 2 2.
the car
𝑠

b. How far has the car traveled

 𝑚
𝐴1 = 𝑏ℎ = 10 10 = 100
𝑠2
𝐴2 = 𝑏ℎ = 𝑡 − 10 −2

a
𝐴1 + 𝐴2 = 0
100 + (𝑡 − 10)(−2) = 0

SOLUTION
100 + 2𝑡 + 20 = 0
t = 60s

b
1 1
𝐴3 = 𝑏ℎ = 10 100 = 500 𝑚
2 2
1 1
𝐴4 = 2 𝑏ℎ = 2 50 100 = 2500 𝑚
𝒔𝑻 = 𝑨𝟑 + 𝑨𝟒 = 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒎 = 𝟑𝒌𝒎
CURVILINEAR MOTION
CURVILINEAR MOTION
Occurs when a particle moves along a path
LOCATION PATH

Position of the particle, measured from a fixed-point O will

be designated by the position vector 𝑟 = 𝑟(𝑡)
O
Both the magnitude and direction of the vector will change POSITION
as the particle moves along the curve
VELOCITY
VELOCITY
AVERAGE VELOCITY INSTANTANEOUS VELOCITY
∆𝒓 𝒅𝒓
𝑽𝑨𝑽𝑬 = 𝑽=
∆𝒕 𝒅𝒕

AVERAGE 𝑑𝑉
ACCELERATION
ACCELERATION ACCELERATION 𝑎𝐴𝑉𝐸 =
𝑑𝑡
RECTANGULAR COMPONENTS
RECTANGULAR COMPONENTS
Motion of a particle: x, y, z coordinates

POSITION
can be defined at any instant by position vector

𝑟 = 𝑥𝑖 + 𝑦𝑗 + 𝑧𝑘

COMPONENTS EQUATION

MAGNITUDE OF POSITION 𝑟 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 + 𝑧2
VECTOR
VELOCITY
VELOCITY FIRST DERIVATIVE OF THE POSITION VECTOR

𝑑𝑟 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
𝑉= = 𝑥𝑖 + 𝑦𝑗 + 𝑧𝑘
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑽 = 𝑽𝒙𝒊 + 𝑽𝒚𝒋 + 𝑽𝒛𝒌
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
𝑉𝑥 = ; 𝑉𝑦 = ; 𝑉𝑧 =
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

MAGNITUDE OF VELOCITY 𝑉𝑉 = 𝑉𝑥22 +

= 𝑉𝑥 𝑉𝑦22 +
+ 𝑉𝑦 𝑉𝑧22
+ 𝑉𝑧
VECTOR
ACCELERATION
ACCELERATION
𝒅𝑽
𝒂= = 𝒂𝒙𝒊 + 𝒂𝒚𝒋 + 𝒂𝒛𝒌
𝒅𝒕
𝑑 𝑑 𝑧
𝑎𝑥 = 𝑉𝑥; 𝑎𝑦 = 𝑉𝑦; 𝑎𝑧 = 𝑉𝑧
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

MAGNITUDE OF 𝑎𝑎 = 𝑎𝑥22 +
= 𝑎𝑥 𝑎𝑦22 +
+ 𝑎𝑦 𝑎𝑧22
+ 𝑎𝑧
ACCELERATION VECTOR
THE VELOCITY OF A PARTICLE
IS GIVEN BY
ሼ16𝑡 2 𝑖 + 4𝑡 3 𝑗 +
𝑉=
SOLUTION
𝑉 = 16𝑡 2 𝑖 + 4𝑡 3 𝑗 + 5𝑡 + 2 𝑘 𝑉 = 16𝑡 2 𝑖 + 4𝑡 3 𝑗 + 5𝑡 + 2 𝑘
𝑑𝑉 𝑑𝑟
= 𝑎 = 32𝑡𝑖 + 12𝑡 2 𝑗 + 5𝑘 𝑉= = 16𝑡 2 𝑖 + 4𝑡 3 𝑗 + 5𝑡 + 2 𝑘

a b
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑎𝑡 𝑡 = 2𝑠 ‫ ׬ = 𝑟𝑑 ׬‬16𝑡 2 𝑖 + 4𝑡 3 𝑗 + 5𝑡 + 2 𝑘 𝑑𝑡
𝑎 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑎𝑦 2 + 𝑎𝑧 2 16𝑡 3 𝑖 5𝑡 2 2
𝑎 = ሼ64𝑖 + 48𝑗 + 5𝑘} 𝑟= + 𝑡 4𝑗 + + 2𝑡 𝑘]
3 2 0
𝑎 = 642 + 482 + 52 108𝑖
𝒎 𝑟= + 16𝑗 + 14𝑘
𝒂 = 𝟖𝟎. 𝟏𝟓𝟔 𝟐 3
𝒔 𝟏𝟎𝟖
𝒓 = 𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛 = , 𝟏𝟔, 𝟏𝟒
𝟑

EXAMPLE #1
 EXAMPLE #2
∆𝑟 = 𝑟 − 𝑟𝑜

න 𝑑𝑟 = 𝑉 = නሼ 52 + 6𝑡 𝑖 + 12 + 𝑡 2 𝑗 − 4 − 2𝑡 2 𝑘} 𝑑𝑡

2
𝑡3 2𝑡 3 4
𝑟= 52𝑡 + 3𝑡 𝑖 + 12𝑡 + 𝑗 − 4𝑡 − 𝑘 ] @ 𝑡 = 4𝑠
IN TERMS OF A PARTICULAR REFERENCE FRAME, 3
43
3 0
2 4 3
THE POSITION OF THE CENTER OF MASS OF F-14 AT 𝑟= 2
52 4 + 3 4 𝑖 + 12 4 +
3
𝑗− 4 4 −
3
𝑘
TIME t=0 IS 𝑟 = 10𝑖 + 6𝑗 + 22𝑘 . THE 𝑟 = 256𝑖 + 69.333𝑗 − 58.667𝑘
VELOCITY FROM t=0 TO t=4s IS 𝑉 = ሼ(52 + 𝑟𝑜 = ሼ10𝑖 + 6𝑗 + 22𝑘}
𝑟𝑛𝑒𝑤 = 246𝑖 + 63.33𝑗 − 80.667𝑘
𝑟 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 + 𝑧2
𝑟 = 2462 + 63.332 + (−80.667)2
𝒓 = 𝟐𝟔𝟔. 𝟓𝟐𝟐 𝒎

SOLUTION
EXAMPLE #3 V=
𝑑𝑟
𝑑𝑡
= ሼ3𝑖 + 6 − 2𝑡 𝑗}

න 𝑑𝑟 = න 3𝑖 + 6 − 2𝑡 𝑑𝑡

𝑟 = 3𝑡𝑖 + 6𝑡 − 𝑡 2 𝑗 @ 𝑡 = 1
THE VELOCITY OF A PARTICLE 𝑟1 = 3𝑖 + 5𝑗 @ t=3
IS 𝑉 = ሼ3𝑖 + 6 − 2𝑡 𝑗} 𝑟3 = 9𝑖 + 9𝑗
WHERE T IS IN SECONDS. IF 𝑟 = 𝑟3 − 𝑟1
R=0 WHEN T=0, DETERMINE 𝑟 = (9𝑖 − 3𝑖) + (9𝑗 − 5𝑗)
THE DISPLACEMENT OF THE 𝑟 = 6𝑖 + 4𝑗
PARTICLE DURING THE TIME 𝑟 = 62 + 42
𝒓 = 𝟕. 𝟐𝟐𝟏
INTERVAL t=1s TO t=3s.

SOLUTION
CURVILINEAR PROJECTILE MOTION
MOTION:
x – HORIZONTAL DISTANCE FROM POINT 1 TO
POINT 2

y – VERTICAL DISTANCE FROM POINT 1 TO POINT

2

+= IF IT IS ABOVE THE PROJECTILE POINT

-= IF IT IS BELOW THE PROJECTILE POINT

0= IF IT IS SAME LEVEL AS THE INITIAL

POINT

R= DISTANCE BETWEEN THE INITIAL POINT AND

THE FINAL POINT
6 EQUATIONS THAT DESCRIBE THE
MOTION OF A PROJECTILE
POSSIBLE PROJECTIONS
POSSIBLE PROJECTIONS
@ HIGHEST POINT
−2𝑔𝑠𝑦 = 𝑣𝑦 2 − 𝑣𝑜 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃
−2𝑔𝑠𝑦 = 0 − 𝑣𝑜 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃
𝒗𝒐 𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝜽
𝑺𝒚𝒎𝒂𝒙 =
𝟐𝒈
−𝑔𝑡 = 𝑣𝑦 − 𝑣𝑜 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
−𝑔𝑡 = 0 − 𝑣𝑜 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝒗𝒗𝒐𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽
𝒕𝒕𝒉𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒆𝒔𝒕 𝒑𝒕 =
𝒉𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒆𝒔𝒕𝒑𝒕 =
𝒈𝒈
POSSIBLE PROJECTIONS
POSSIBLE PROJECTIONS
𝑆𝑥 = 𝑣𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑡
𝑥 = 𝑣𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑡
𝑥
𝑡=
𝑣𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
1 2
𝑆𝑦 = 𝑣𝑜 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑡 − 𝑔𝑡
2
1 2
𝑦 = 𝑣𝑜 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑡 − 𝑔𝑡
2
𝑥 1 𝑥
𝑦 = (𝑣𝑜 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)[ ] − 𝑔[ ]2
𝑣𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 2 𝑣𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝟏 𝟐
𝒈𝒙 𝒈𝒙
𝒚 = 𝒙𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜽 − 𝟐𝟐
𝒗𝒐𝒐 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝜽
 EXAMPLE #1
An object is fired from the edge of a 150 m diff at
elevation 1000m with an initial velocity of 180 m/s
at ang angle 30° with the horizontal. Find the
a. The horizontal distance from
the gun to the point where
the projectile strikes the
b. Greatest
ground elevation above
the ground
 a 𝑆𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥 =

𝑆𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝑣𝑜 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃
2𝑔
180 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (30°)
1 2 2(9.8)
𝑔𝑥 𝑆𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 412.844 𝑚
−𝑦 = 𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 − 2 2

SOLUTION
𝑣𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃
1 2
(9.8)𝑥

b
−150 = 𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛30° − 2
180 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (30°)
𝑥 = 3099.98 𝑚
 EXAMPLE #2
From a point on a hill which is included at an angle
of 30° from the horizontal, a bullet is projected
𝑓𝑡
with an initial velocity of 1000 at an angle 50°
𝑠
with the hill. Find the range down the hill.
 1
Let 𝑅 = 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 ℎ𝑖𝑙𝑙 −𝑅𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛 30° = [1000sin(30°)]𝑡 − (32)𝑡 2
−𝑦 2
2
sin 30° = 16𝑡 − [1000sin(20°)]𝑡
𝑅𝑦 𝑅𝑦 =
𝑠𝑖𝑛 30°
y = −𝑅𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛(30°)
𝑥 𝑅𝑥 = 𝑅𝑦
cos 30° = [1000cos(20°)]𝑡 1
𝑅𝑥 = [1000sin(30°)]𝑡 − (32)𝑡 2
x = 𝑅𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠(30°) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 30° 2
𝑆𝑥 = 𝑣𝑂 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑡 𝑡 = 55.284 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠

SOLUTION
𝑅𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 30° = [1000cos(20°)]𝑡 Substitute t in the equation:
[1000cos(20°)]𝑡 [1000cos(20°)](55.284)
𝑅𝑥 = 𝑅𝑥 =
𝑐𝑜𝑠 30° 𝑐𝑜𝑠 30°
1 2 𝑹𝒙 = 𝟓𝟗 𝟗𝟖𝟔. 𝟔𝟓𝟓 𝒇𝒕
𝑆𝑦 = 𝑣𝑂 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑡 − 𝑔𝑡 𝑹 = 𝟓𝟗 𝟗𝟖𝟔. 𝟔𝟓𝟓 𝒇𝒕
2
 EXAMPLE #2
The car shown is just to clear the water filled gap.
Find the takeoff velocity

1 2
SOLUTION

𝑔𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 − 2 2
𝑣𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃
1 2
(9.8)(5.5)
6 = 5.5𝑡𝑎𝑛30° − 2 2
𝑣𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (30°)
𝒗𝒐 = 𝟒. 𝟔𝟒𝟑 𝒎/𝒔
CURVILINEAR TANGENTIAL & NORMAL COMPONENTS
MOTION: OF ACCELERATION
at
𝑑𝑉
a 𝑎𝑡 = RATE OF CHANGE IN MAGNITUDE
𝑑𝑡 OF VELOCITY
𝑉2
an 𝑎𝑛 = RATE OF CHANGE IN DIRECTION
𝑟 OF VELOCITY

MAGNITUDE OF 𝑎= 𝑎 𝑡2 + 𝑎𝑛2
ACCELERATION VECTOR
 SPECIAL CASES OF MOTION

THE PARTICLE MOVES THE PARTICLE MOVES

ALONG A STRAIGHT LINE ALONG A CURVE AT
CONSTANT SPEED
𝑉2 𝑑𝑉
𝑎𝑛 = =0 𝑎𝑛 = =0
𝑟 𝑑𝑡

𝑽𝟐𝟐
𝑽
𝒂𝒂𝒏𝒏 =
= 𝒂𝒂𝒕𝒕 𝒂𝒂 =
= 𝒂𝒂𝒏𝒏 =
=
𝒓𝒓
 EXAMPLE #1
THE BOAT TRAVELS AROUND A CIRCULAR PATH R=40 M AT A
𝑚
SPEED THAT INCREASES WITH TIME 𝑉 = 0.0625𝑡 2 . FIND
𝑠
THE MAGNITUDE OF THE BOAT’S VELOCITY, ACCELERATION
AND DISTANCE TRAVELED AT THE INSTANCE t = 10
SECONDS.
𝑉 = 0.0625𝑡 2
𝑉=
𝑽=
𝒎
𝟔. 𝟐𝟓 𝒔
𝑚
𝑠
@𝑡
𝑚
0.0625(10)2 𝑠
= 10𝑠

a
𝑑𝑉
𝑎𝑡 = = 2 0.0625 𝑡 @ 𝑡 = 10𝑠

b
𝑑𝑡
𝑚
𝑎𝑡 = 1.25 2
𝑠
𝑉 2 6.22 𝑚
𝑎𝑛 = = = 0.977 2
𝑟 40 𝑠
𝑎 = 𝑎𝑡 2 + 𝑎𝑛2 𝑎 = (1.25)2 +(0.977)2
𝒎
𝒂 = 𝟏. 𝟓𝟖𝟕 𝒔𝟐

c
𝑑𝑠
𝑉= = 0.0625𝑡 2
𝑑𝑡
‫ ׬ = 𝑠𝑑 ׬‬0.0625 𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡
0.0625
𝑠 = 3 ] 100
𝒔 = 𝟐𝟎. 𝟖𝟑𝟑𝒎
 𝑎𝑡 = 0
𝑚
𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎 = 2.5 2
𝑠
THE SATELLITE 𝑉 2
𝑎𝑛 =
SKY LAB TRAVELS 𝑚 1 ℎ𝑟
𝑟
𝑚
6
AROUND THE 20 × 10 ×
ℎ𝑟 360 𝑠
= 5555.556
𝑠
EARTH IN A
EXAMPLE #2

𝑉2 𝑉2
CIRCULAR PATH 𝑎= ;𝑟 =
𝑟 𝑎
WITH A CONSTANT 𝑚
(5555.556 𝑠 )2 1 𝑘𝑚
SPEED OF 20 × = 𝑚 ×
1000 𝑚
𝑚 2.5 2
𝑠
106 . IF THE 𝑟 = 12,345.679 𝑘𝑚
ℎ𝑟
ACCELERATION IS 𝑑 12,713
ℎ = 𝑟 − = 12,345.679 −
𝑚 2 2
2.5 2 , DETERMINE 𝒉 = 𝟓𝟗𝟖𝟗. 𝟏𝟕𝟗 𝒌𝒎
𝑠
THE ALTITUDE h.
ASSUME THE
EARTH’S SOLUTION
DIAMETER TO BE
 EXAMPLE #3
THE CAR TRAVELS ALONG THE CIRCULAR PATH SUCH THAT
ITS SPEED IS INCREASED BY 𝑎𝑡 = 0.5𝑒 𝑡 WHERE t IS IN
SECONDS. DETERMINE THE MAGNITUDE OF ITS VELOCITY AND
ACCELERATION AFTER THE CAR HAS TRAVELED S = 18m
STARTING FROM REST.
 𝑑𝑉
𝑎𝑡 = = 0.5𝑒 𝑡
𝑑𝑡
‫ ׬ = 𝑉𝑑 ׬‬0.5𝑒 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑎𝑡 = 0.5𝑒 3.706 = 20.345
𝑉 = 0.5𝑒 𝑡 ] 0𝑡 𝑉 = 0.5𝑒 𝑡 − 0.5
𝑉 = 0.5𝑒 𝑡 − 0.5 𝑉 = 0.5𝑒 3.706 − 0.5
𝑑𝑠 𝒎
= 0.5𝑒 𝑡 − 0.5 𝑽 = 𝟏𝟗. 𝟖𝟒𝟓
𝑑𝑡 𝒔
‫ ׬ = 𝑠𝑑 ׬‬0.5𝑒 𝑡 − 0.5𝑑𝑡 𝑉2 19.8452 𝑚
𝑎𝑛 = = = 13.727 2

SOLUTION
𝑠 = 0.5𝑒 𝑡 − 0.5𝑡] 0𝑡 𝑟 30 𝑠
𝑎=
18 = 𝑠 = 0.5𝑒 𝑡 − 0.5𝑡 − 0.5
(20.345)2 +(13.127)2
0.5𝑒 𝑡 − 0.5𝑡 − 18.5 = 0 𝒎
Solve for t: 𝒂 = 𝟐𝟒. 𝟐𝟏𝟐
𝑡 = 3.706 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠 𝒔𝟐
 CYLINDRICAL COMPONENTS
CYLINDRICAL COMPONENTS
POLAR COORDINATES RADIAL COMPONENTS (𝑟)
(TWO COMPONENTS) TRANSVERSE SECTION (𝜃), CCW 𝜃

𝒓 − 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑡, 𝑚

𝑓𝑡 𝑚
𝒓ሶ − 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 ,
𝑠 𝑠

𝑓𝑡 𝑚
𝒓ሷ − 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ,
𝑠2 𝑠2

𝜽 − 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑟𝑎𝑑

𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝜽ሶ − 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑠

𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝜽ሷ − 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑠2
 RADIAL:
𝑉𝑟
𝑉𝑟 =
= 𝑟𝑟ሶ ሶ =
=
𝑑𝑟
𝑑𝑟 VELOCITY
VELOCITY
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡
vO V
TRANSVERSE:
Vr
= 𝑟𝑟𝜃𝜃ሶ ሶ
𝑉𝑏𝑏 =
𝑉

MAGNITUDE: 𝜃
𝑉=
𝑉 𝑉𝑟22 +
= 𝑉𝑟 𝑉𝜃22
+ 𝑉𝜃
 RADIAL:

𝑎𝑟 = 𝑟ሷ − 𝑟𝜃ሶ22 ACCELERATION
ACCELERATION
TRANSVERSE:
aO
𝒂𝜽 = 𝒓𝜽ሷ + 𝟐𝒓ሶ 𝜽ሶ a
ar
MAGNITUDE: 𝜃
𝑎𝑎 = 𝑎𝑟22 +
= 𝑎𝑟 𝑎𝜃22
+ 𝑎𝜃
IF A PARTICLE MOVES ALONG A SPACE CURVE,
ITS LOCATION MAY BE SPECIFIED BY THE 3
CYLINDRICAL COORDINATES: 𝒓, 𝜽, 𝒛.

= 𝑟𝑟22 +
𝑟𝑝 =
𝑟𝑝 + 𝑧𝑧22

𝑉𝑝 =
𝑉𝑝 𝑉𝑟22 +
= 𝑉𝑟 𝑉𝜃22 +
+ 𝑉𝜃 + 𝑧𝑧ሶ 2ሶ 2

𝑎𝑝 =
𝑎𝑝 𝑎𝑟22 +
= 𝑎𝑟 𝑎𝜃22 +
+ 𝑎𝜃 + 𝑧𝑧ሷ 2ሷ 2
 𝑟 = 0.1𝑡 3 @ 𝑡 = 1.5 = 0.1 1.5 3 = 0.338
𝑟ሶ = 0.3𝑡 2 @ 𝑡 = 1.5 = 0.3 1.5 2 = 0.675

EXAMPLE #1 𝑟ሷ = 0.6𝑡 @ 𝑡 = 1.5 = 0.6 1.5 = 0.9

3
𝜃 = 4𝑡 @ 𝑡 = 1.5 = 4 1.5 = 7.348
2
3
2
1 1
𝜃ሶ = 6𝑡 @ 𝑡 = 1.5 = 6(1.5) = 7.348
2 2
1 1
ሷ − −
𝜃 = 3𝑡 @ 𝑡 = 1.5 = 3(1.5) 2 = 2.499
2

THE PLATFORM IS ROTATING SUCH 𝑉 = 𝑉𝑟 2 + 𝑉𝜃 2

THAT, AT ANY INSTANT, ITS 𝑉= ሶ 2
𝑟ሶ 2 + (𝑟𝜃)
3
ANGULAR POSITION IS 𝜃 = 4𝑡 𝑟𝑎𝑑,
2 𝑉= 0.6752 + (0.338 × 7.348)2
𝒎
WHERE T IS IN SECONDS. A BALL 𝑽 = 𝟐. 𝟓𝟕𝟒 𝒔

ROLLS OUTWARD SO THAT ITS 𝑎 = 𝑎𝑟 2 + 𝑎𝜃 2

POSITION IS 𝑟 = 0.1𝑡 3 𝑚. FIND THE
𝑎= (𝑟ሷ − 𝑟𝜃ሶ 2 )2 +(𝑟𝜃ሷ + 2𝑟ሶ 𝜃)
ሶ 2
MAGNITUDE OF THE VELOCITY AND
𝑎=
ACCELERATION AT t=1.5 ሶ
(0.9 − 0.338(7.348)2 )2 +(0.338(2.499) + 2(0.675)(7.348))2
SECONDS. 𝒎
SOLUTION 𝒂 = 𝟐𝟎. 𝟒𝟎𝟗 𝒔𝟐
 𝜃 = 180°
𝑟 = 0.5 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 0.5 − 0.5𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 1
EXAMPLE #2 𝑟ሶ = 0 + 0.5𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 × 𝜃ሶ = 0
𝑟ሷ = 0.5𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 𝜃ሷ + 𝜃ሶ − 0.5𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 × 𝜃ሶ
𝑟ሷ = 𝜃ሷ × 0.5𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + 𝜃ሶ 2 0.5𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑉 = 4 = 𝑉𝑟 2 + 𝑉𝜃 2
A BALL TRAVELS AROUND A ሶ 2
42 = (𝑟)ሶ 2 +(𝑟𝜃)
SLOTTED PATH, A PORTION OF 42 = (𝑟𝜃) ሶ 2
WHICH IS IN THE SHAPE OF A 𝑟 = 𝜽ሶ = 𝟒
0.5 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑓𝑡 WHERE 𝜃 IS IN 𝑟ሷ = −0.5𝜃ሶ 2
𝑟ሷ = −0.5(4) ሶ 2
DEGREES. IF THE BALLS 𝑟ሷ = −8
𝑓𝑡
VELOCITY IS 𝑉 = 4 , AND ITS 𝑎 = 𝑎𝑟 2 + 𝑎𝜃 2
𝑠 2 2
𝑓𝑡 302 = [ 𝑟ሷ − 𝑟𝜃ሶ 2 + 𝑟𝜃ሷ + 2𝑟ሶ 𝜃ሶ ]
ACCELERATION IS 𝑎 = 30 AT THE 302 = [ −8 − 1(4)2 2 + 1𝜃ሷ + 0 ]
2
𝑠2
INSTANT 180°. DETERMINE THE 302 = (−24)2 +𝜃ሷ 2
ANGULAR VELOCITY AND ANGULAR 𝜽ሷ = 𝟏𝟖
ACCELERATION. SOLUTION
 SOLUTION
THE X AND Y
COORDINATES OF A x= 4𝑡 2 – 3𝑡 + 6
PARTICLE IN MOTION, 𝑦 = 2𝑡 3 − 3𝑡 2 – 12𝑡 – 8
AS A FUNCTION OF 𝑉𝑦 = 2 = 6𝑡 2 − 3𝑡 – 6
TIME, t, ARE GIVEN 𝑎𝑦 = 12𝑡 – 6
BY: 𝑥 = 4𝑡 2 – 3𝑡 + 6 AND 𝑉𝑥 = 0
𝑦 = 2𝑡 3 − 3𝑡 2 – 12𝑡 – 8. 0 = 8𝑡 − 3
3
THE X-COMPONENT OF 𝑡= t
8
VELOCITY IS EQUAL TO 𝑎𝑦 = 12 3/8 − 6
ZERO, THE Y-COMPONENT 9
OF THE ACCELERATION 𝑎𝑦 = − 6
2
PROBLEM #1
IS CLOSEST TO? 𝒂𝒚 = −𝟏. 𝟓
 SOLUTION

𝑡1 + 𝑡2 = 5 ----------------------- EQN.1
A BALL IS DROPPED 𝑠 = (1/2)(a𝑡 2 ) → 𝑡1 =
2𝑠
- EQN.2
DOWN A WELL A D 5 𝑠 𝑠
𝑔

SECONDS LATER, THE 𝑠 = 𝑣𝑡 → 𝑡2 = = ------- EQN.3

𝑣 330
SOUND OF THE SPLASH 2𝑠
+
𝑠
−5=0
9.81 330
IS HEARD. IF THE 𝑠
330 [0.452 𝑠 + – 5 = 0]
VELOCITY OF SOUND IS 330
149.16 𝑠 + s – 5 = 0
330m/s, WHAT IS THE 𝑠 = 107.009
TIME FOR THE SOUND TO 2𝑠 2(107.009)
TRAVEL THE DISTANCE 𝑡1 = = = 4.671 s
9.81 9.81
EQUAL TO THE DEPTH OF 𝑡2 = 5 − 4.671
PROBLEM #2
THE WELL? 𝒕𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟐𝟗 𝒔
ROTATION OF THE
RADIALLY SLOTTED ARM SOLUTION
IS GOVERNED BY
THETA=0.2t + 0.02t^3
WHERE THETA IS IN Θ = 0.2t + 0.02𝑡 3
RADIANS AND =t IN R = 0.2 + 0.04𝑡 2

SECONDS. Θ = 0.2t + 0.02𝑡 3 [@t=3] = 1.14

SIMULTANEOUSLY, THE Ȯ = 0.2+0.06𝑡 2 = 0.74
POWER SCREW IN THE Ӧ = 0.12t = 0.36

ARM ENGAGES THE r = 0.2 + 0.04𝑡 2 = 0.56

SLIDER B AND CONTROLS 𝑟ሶ = 0.08t = 0.24
ITS DISTANCE FROM 𝑟ሷ = 0.08 = 0.08

POINT 0 ACCORDING TO 𝑎𝑟 = 0.08 – 0.56(0.74)2

R=0.2 + 0.04t^2, 𝑎𝑟 = -0.227
WHERE R IS IN METERS 𝑎Θ = 0.56(0.36) + 2(0.24)(0.74)
𝑎Θ = 0.557
PROBLEM #3
AND t IS IN SECONDS.
a = 0.601
CALCULATE THE
ACCELERATION OF THE
ROTATION OF THE
RADIALLY SLOTTED ARM SOLUTION
IS GOVERNED BY
THETA=0.2t + 0.02t^3
WHERE THETA IS IN
RADIANS AND =t IN
SECONDS.
SIMULTANEOUSLY, THE
POWER SCREW IN THE
ARM ENGAGES THE 30
𝑘𝑚 1000𝑚
x 3600𝑠 = 8.333 m/s
ℎ
SLIDER B AND CONTROLS 𝑉 2 = 202 + 8.3332
ITS DISTANCE FROM 𝑉 = 21.667 𝑚/𝑠
1 𝑔𝑥 2
POINT 0 ACCORDING TO y = xtanΘ – 2 𝑉𝑜2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 Θ
R=0.2 + 0.04t^2, tanΘ = 20/8.333
Θ = 67.381˚
WHERE R IS IN METERS 1 9.81(𝑥)2

PROBLEM #4
AND t IS IN SECONDS.
0 = xtan(67.381) – 2 21.6672cos(67.381)2
x = 33.979 m
CALCULATE THE
ACCELERATION OF THE
 SOLUTION
THE SPEED OF A CAR
INCREASES UNIFORMLY
WITH TIME FROM 50KPH
AT A TO A 100kph AT B
DURING 10SEC. THE
RADIUS OF THE
CURVATURE OF THE HUMP 50000
Va =
IS AT 40m. IF THE 3600
Va = 13.89 m/s
MAGNITUDE OF THE Vb =
100000
3600 𝑉𝑎2
𝑎𝑛 = 𝑟
TOTAL ACCELERATION OF Vb = 27.78 m/s
13,892
Vb = Va + 𝑎𝑡 t 𝑎𝑛 = 40.6
THE CAR’S MASS CENTER 27.78 = 13.89 + 𝑎𝑡 (10)
𝑎𝑛 = 4.75 m/𝑠 2
IS THE SAME AT B AS 𝑎𝑡 = 1.389 m/𝑠 2
A, COMPUTE THE TOTAL
PROBLEM #5
ACCELERATION AT A.
a= 4.752 + (1.3892 )
a = 4.95 m/𝒔𝟐
PRELIMINAR EXAMINATION
Y
PRELIMINAR S
EXAMINATION
Y
PRELIMINAR S
EXAMINATION
Y
PRELIMINAR S
EXAMINATION
Y
PRELIMINAR S
EXAMINATION
Y
PRELIMINAR S
EXAMINATION
Y S
PROBLEM | 1
THE ROTATION OF THE 𝜋
𝑟 = 0.9 − 0.12𝑡 2 30° = 0.524 𝑟 = 0.481
0.9 M ARM OA ABOUT O 𝑟ሶ = −0.24 𝑡 180° 𝑟ሶ = −0.449
𝜃 = 0.524
IS DEFINED BY THE 𝑟ሷ = −0.24
0.524 = 0.15𝑡 2
𝑟ሷ = −0.24
𝜃 = 0.15𝑡 2 𝜃 = 0.524
RELATION 𝜃= 𝜃ሶ = 0.3𝑡 𝑡 = 1.869 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃ሶ = 0.561
0.15𝑡 2 WHERE 𝜃 IS 𝜃ሷ = 0.3 𝜃ሷ = 0.3

EXPRESSED IN RADIANS

SOLU
𝑣𝑟 = −0.449

a
AND t IN SECONDS. 𝑣𝜃 = 0.481 0.561
COLLAR B SLIDES ALONG 𝑣𝜃 = 0.270

TION
2
THE ARM IN SUCH A WAY 𝑣 = (0.449)2 +(0.270)2
𝒎
THAT ITS DISTANCE 𝒗 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟐𝟒
𝒔
FROM O IS 𝑟 = 0.9 −
0.12𝑡 2 WHERE r IS
DETERMINE THE VELOCITY OF 𝑎𝑟 = 𝑟ሷ − 𝑟𝜃ሶ 2 = −0.24 − 0.481(0.561)2
THEEXPRESSED

b
COLLAR IN METERS 𝑎𝑟 = −0.359; 𝑎𝜃 = 𝑟𝜃ሶ + 2𝑟ሶ 𝜃ሶ
AND THE t ACCELERATION
IN [Link] 𝑎𝜃 = 0.481 0.3 + 2 −0.449 0.561 = −0.359
DETERMINE 2
𝑎 = (−0.359)2 +(−0.359)2
AFTER THE ARM OA HAS
THE COLLAR 𝒎
ROTATED THROUGH AN 𝒂 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟑𝟏 𝟐
𝒔
ANGLE OF 30°.
PROBLEM | 2 A PROJECTILE IS

a
𝑆𝑥 = 𝑣𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑡 8
−(9.8) = −𝑣𝑜 𝑠𝑖𝑛(53.130°)
LAUNCHED UPWARD 8 = 𝑣𝑜 cos(53.130°)𝑡 𝑣𝑜 cos(53.130°)
8 78.4
AND TO THE RIGHT 𝑡= = 𝑣𝑜 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛(53.130°)
𝑣𝑜 cos(53.130°) cos(53.130°)
AT AN INITIAL −𝑔𝑡 = 𝑣𝑦 − 𝑣𝑜 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝒎
𝒗𝒐 = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟕𝟖𝟎
SLOPE OF 4 −(9.8)𝑡 = 0 − 𝑣𝑜 𝑠𝑖𝑛(53.130°) 𝒔
VERTICAL TO 3
HORIZONTAL AND 1 1

b
𝑆𝑦 = 𝑣𝑜 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑡 ∓ 𝑔𝑡 2 = 12.780𝑠𝑖𝑛 53.130° 𝑡 − (9.8)𝑡 2
2 2
HITS THE GROUND 8
𝑡=
AT A POINT OF 2 M 12.780cos(53.130°)
LOWER THAN THAT 𝒕 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟒𝟑 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒔
WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING MOST NEARLY 𝑺𝒚 = 𝟓. 𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝒎
OFGIVES
ORIGIN.
THE VALUE OF THE INITIAL
VELOCITY?
1

c
WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING MOST NEARLY −2 = 12.780𝑠𝑖𝑛 53.130° 𝑡 − (9.8)𝑡 2
GIVES THE VALUE OF THE MAXIMUM 2
HEIGHT FROM THE ORIGIN THAT THE 𝑡 = 2.267 𝑠𝑒𝑐; 𝑡 = −0.180 𝑠𝑒𝑐
PROJECTILE CAN ATTAIN? 𝑆𝑥 = 𝑣𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑡
WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING MOST NEARLY 𝑆𝑥 = 12.780 cos 53.130° 2.267
GIVES THE VALUE OF THE TOTAL 𝑺𝒙 = 𝟏𝟕. 𝟐𝟖𝟑 𝒎
HORIZONTAL DISTANCE TRAVELED BY
THE PROJECTILE?
PROBLEM | 3 Block A:
TWO BLOCKS A AND 𝑁1 = 𝑊𝑐𝑜𝑠30° = 0.866𝑊
B ARE RELEASED 𝐹1 = 0.20𝑁1
𝐹1 = 0.20 0.866𝑊 = 0.1732𝑊
FROM REST ON A 30° 𝑊
𝐹1 + 𝑎1 = 𝑊𝑠𝑖𝑛30°
𝑔
INCLINE WHEN THEY 𝑎1 = 3.2 2
𝑚
𝑠
ARE 15M APART. Block B:
THE COEFFICIENT 𝑁2 = 𝑊𝑐𝑜𝑠30° = 0.866𝑊
𝐹2 = 0.40 0.866𝑊 = 0.3464𝑊
OF FRICTION UNDER 𝑊
𝐹2 + 𝑎2 = 𝑊𝑠𝑖𝑛30°

SOLUTION
𝑔
THE UPPER BLOCK A 0.3464𝑊 +
𝑊
𝑎 = 0.5𝑊
𝑔 2
IS 0.20 AND THAT 𝑎2 = 1.50
𝑚
𝑠2
UNDER THE LOWER
[Link] THE ELAPSED TIME
BLOCK BUNTIL
IS 0.40
THE BLOCK TOUCH
S = distance travelled by B
S+15 = distance travelled by A
1
𝑆 = 𝑎2 𝑡 2
2
1
𝑆= (1.5)2 𝑡 2
2
2
𝑆 = 0.75𝑡

a
1
𝑆 + 15 = 𝑎1 𝑡 2
2
1
0.75𝑡 + 15 = (3.2)𝑡 2
2
2
15 = 0.85 𝑡 2
𝒕 = 𝟒. 𝟐 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒔
PROBLEM | 4
A STONE DROPPED 𝑚
𝑣𝑜 = 6
FROM A BALLOON

a
𝑠
ℎ = 70 𝑚
WHICH IS 𝑣 = 𝑣𝑜 + 𝑎𝑡
ASCENDING AT A 1
𝑠 = 𝑣𝑜 𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 2
𝑚 2
RATE OF 6 1
𝑠 = 6 4 − (9.8)(4)2
𝑠 2
WHEN THE 𝑠 = 54.4 𝑚
BALLOON WAS 70 𝑠 = 15.6 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝒈𝒓𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒅
M ABOVE THE
GROUND.
HOW FAR THE STONE WAS
FROM THE GROUND AFTER 4
SECONDS?
HOW LONG DID IT TAKE
b 1
−70 = 6𝑡 − 9.8 𝑡 2
2
𝒕 = 𝟒. 𝟒𝟒𝟏 𝒔𝒆𝒄; 𝑡 = −3.217 𝑠𝑒𝑐
THE STONE TO HIT THE
GROUND? SOLUTION
PROBLEM | 5

SOLUTION
THE PARTICLE P
MOVES IN A
CIRCULAR PATH. IN 𝑣2
𝑎𝑟 =
EACH CASE THE 𝑟
1𝑚
PARTICLE IS IN 𝑟 = 60 𝑐𝑚 = 0.6 𝑚
100𝑐𝑚
THE POSITION.
1.22
NOTE: R = 60 CM. 𝑎𝑟 =
0.6
DETERMINE THE 𝒎
MAGNITUDE OF THE 𝒂𝒓 = 𝟐. 𝟒 𝟐
𝒔
ACCELERATION
WHEN: THE SPEED
𝑚
𝑣 = 1.2 IS
𝑠
CONSTANT.
PROBLEM | 6
THE ACCELERATION
NOTE: a=dVdt V=a dt NOTE: V=dsdt s=V
COMPONENTS OF A
𝑚 Vx=3t2dt=t3+C1 dt
POINT IN 2 ARE 𝑎𝑥 = Vy=6tdt=3t2+C2 x=t3+3dt=t44+3t+C1'
𝑠
2
3𝑡 , 𝑎𝑦 = 6𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎𝑧 = 0. Vz=C3 y=3t2-2dt=t3-2t+C2'
At t=0 z=C3'
𝑡 = 0, 𝑥 = 5𝑚. , 𝑣𝑥 = Vx=3=03+C1 At t = 0
𝑚
3 , 𝑦 = 1𝑚. , 𝑣𝑦 = C1=3 x=5=C1'
𝑠
𝑚 Vx=t3+3 x=14t4+3t+5
− 2 ,𝑧 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣𝑧 = 0. Vy=-2=3(0)2+C2 y=1=C2'
𝑠
C2=-2 y=t3-2t+1
Vy=3t2-2 z=0=C2'
WHAT IS THE POSITION
Vz=0=C3 z=0
VECTOR OF THE POINT AT
When t = 3 seconds When t = 3 seconds
T = 3 SEC?
WHAT IS THE VELOCITY Vx=(3)3+3=30 ms x=14(3)4+33+5=34.25
VECTOR OF THE POINT AT Vy=3(3)2-2=25 ms y=(3)3-23+1=22
T = 3 SEC? Vz=0 z=0

a b
V=30i+25j ms S=34.25i+22j

SOLUTION (m)
 KINETICS OF
KINETICS OF AA PARTICLE
PARTICLE
NEWTON’S 2ND LAW OF RECTANGULAR COMPONENTS
MOTION
෍ 𝑭𝒙 = 𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝑭∝𝒂

෍ 𝑭𝒚 = 𝒎𝒂𝒚 𝑭 = 𝒌𝒂

෍ 𝐹𝑧 = 𝑚𝑎𝑧 𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎

𝐹𝑓 = 𝜇𝑘 𝑁
 ෍ 𝐹𝑦 = 𝑚𝑎𝑦 = 0

𝑁 − 𝑊 + 𝑃𝑠𝑖𝑛30° = 0; 𝑁 − 80 9.81 +
𝑃𝑠𝑖𝑛30° = 0
An 80-kilogram 𝑁 = 80 9.81 − 𝑃𝑠𝑖𝑛30°
rests on a σ 𝐹𝑥 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑠30° − 𝐹𝑓 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 ; 𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑠30° − 𝜇𝑁 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥
horizontal 𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑠30° − 0.25 80 9.81 − 𝑃𝑠𝑖𝑛30° = 80(2.5)
plane. Find the 𝑷 = 𝟑𝟗𝟗. 𝟕𝟗 𝑵
EXAMPLE #1

magnitude force
𝑃(𝜃 = 30°)
required to

SOLUTION
give the block
an acceleration
𝑚
of 2.5 2 to the
𝑠
right. The
coefficient of
kinetic
friction
 IF BLOCKS A AND
B OF MASS 10
KILOGRAM AND 6
KILOGRAM
EXAMPLE #2

RESPECTIVELY,
ARE PLACED ON
THE INCLINED
PLANE AND
RELEASED.
DETERMINE THE
FORCE DEVELOPED
IN THE LINK. 𝜇𝑘
BETWEEN BLOCKS
AND THE
INCLINED PLANE
 block a
σ 𝐹𝑦 = 𝑚𝑎𝑦 = 0
Solve for P:
𝑁 − 98.1𝑐𝑜𝑠30° = 0 14.138−𝑃
𝑃 + 40.544 = 10
𝑁 = 84.957 6
σ 𝐹𝑥 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑷 = −𝟔. 𝟑𝟕𝟐 𝑵

block b
98.1𝑠𝑖𝑛30° + 𝑃 − 𝐹𝑓 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥
49.05 + 𝑃 − 𝜇𝑁 = 10𝑎𝑥
𝑃 + 40.554 = 10𝑎𝑥

Block B:
σ 𝐹𝑦 = 𝑚𝑎𝑦 = 0
𝑁 − 6 9.81 𝑐𝑜𝑠30° = 0
𝑁 = 50.974
σ 𝐹𝑥 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥
6 9.81 𝑠𝑖𝑛30° − 𝑃 − 𝐹𝑓 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥
29.43 − 𝑃 − 𝜇𝑁 = 6𝑎𝑥

SOLUTION
29.43 − 𝑃 − 0.3 50.974 = 6𝑎𝑥
14.138 − 𝑃 = 6𝑎𝑥
14.138 − 𝑃 ÷ 6 = 𝑎𝑥
 BANKING OF CURVES
EXAMPLE #1
A HIGHWAY CURVE OF RADIUS 𝑣2
90M IS IDEALLY BANKED FOR A Ideally therefore, tan 𝜃 =
𝑟𝑔
SPEED OF 60KPH. IF THE 60𝑘𝑝ℎ 𝑚
COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION = 16.667
3.6 𝑠
BETWEEN THE TIRES AND THE 16.667 2

ROAD IS 0.6 AT WHAT MAXIMUM tan 𝜃 =

(90)(9.8)
SPEED IN KPH CAN A CAR ROUND 𝜃 = 17.482°
THE CURVE WITHOUT SKIDDING? tan 𝛼 = 𝜇
tan 𝛼 = 0.6
𝛼 = 30.964°
SOLUTION tan 17.482 + 30.964 =
𝑣2
(90)(9.8)
𝒎
𝒗 = 𝟑𝟏. 𝟓𝟒𝟒 𝒐𝒓 𝟏𝟏𝟑. 𝟓𝟓𝟗𝒌𝒑𝒉
𝒔
 BANKING OF CURVES
EXAMPLE #1
A HIGHWAY CURVE OF RADIUS 𝑣2
90M IS IDEALLY BANKED FOR A Ideally therefore, tan 𝜃 =
𝑟𝑔
SPEED OF 60KPH. IF THE 60𝑘𝑝ℎ 𝑚
COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION = 16.667
3.6 𝑠
BETWEEN THE TIRES AND THE 16.667 2

ROAD IS 0.6 AT WHAT MAXIMUM tan 𝜃 =

(90)(9.8)
SPEED IN KPH CAN A CAR ROUND 𝜃 = 17.482°
THE CURVE WITHOUT SKIDDING? tan 𝛼 = 𝜇
tan 𝛼 = 0.6
𝛼 = 30.964°
SOLUTION tan 17.482 + 30.964 =
𝑣2
(90)(9.8)
𝒎
𝒗 = 𝟑𝟏. 𝟓𝟒𝟒 𝒐𝒓 𝟏𝟏𝟑. 𝟓𝟓𝟗𝒌𝒑𝒉
𝒔
 VERTICAL CIRCLE
EXAMPLE #1
A BALL HAVING A MASS OF
2.27KG IS SWING AT THE END 𝑟𝑒𝑣 2𝜋(0.6) 𝑚
OF A CORD IN A VERTICAL 𝑣 = 20 × = 79.398
𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑠 1𝑟𝑒𝑣 𝑠
CIRCLE OF RADIUS 0.6M AT THE
RATE OF 20 RPS. WHAT IS THE 𝑣2 79.3982
AT THE
THE 𝑇𝑡𝑜𝑝 = 𝑚 − 𝑔 = 2.27 − 9.8 = 𝟐𝟏, 𝟒𝟖𝟓. 𝟒𝟔𝟖𝑵
TENSION IN THE CORD WHEN 𝑟 0.6
BALLTOP:
IS: 𝑣2 79.3982
AT THE BOTTOM 𝑇𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 = 𝑚 + 𝑔 = 2.27 + 9.8 = 𝟐𝟏, 𝟓𝟐𝟗. 𝟗𝟔𝑵
𝑟 0.6
AT THE LEVEL OF CENTER 𝑣2 79.3982
𝑇𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 𝑚 − 𝑔𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 2.27 − 9.8𝑐𝑜𝑠90
𝑟 0.6
= 𝟐𝟏, 𝟓𝟎𝟕. 𝟕𝟏𝟒𝑵

SOLUTION
 IMPULSE AND
IMPULSE AND MOMENTUM
MOMENTUM
CONSIDER A PARTICLE OF
MASS, M, ACTED UPON BY
A FORCE, F. NEWTON’S 2ND
LAW CAN BE EXPRESSED
IN THE FORM F = M𝑎.

Rearranging:
t
mv1 + ‫׬‬t 1 Fdt = mv2 which express that when a particle is acted upon by a force F during a given time interval
2
(t1→t2) the final momentum of the particle can be obtained by adding “vectorially” the initial momentum (mv1) and the
t
impulse of the force during the time interval considered (‫׬‬t 1 Fdt).
2

When several F’s acting on a particle, the impulse of F’s must be considered.

mv1 + σ Impulse = mv2

v2 −v1
coefficient of restitution, e = 𝑣1 −𝑣2

When a problem involves two or more particles, each particle can be considered separately.

σ mv1 + σ Impulse = σ mv2

When there are no external forces acting on the particle,

σ mv1 = σ mv2 Conservation of Momentum

m1 𝑣1 + m2 𝑣2 = m1 v1 + m2 v2
IMPULSE AND
IMPULSE AND MOMENTUM
MOMENTUM
IMPULSE FORCE
force acting on a particle at a very short time interval that is
large enough to produce a definite change in momentum.

IMPULSE MOTION
resulting motion when impulse force adds on a particle.

𝐈𝐦𝐩𝐮𝐥𝐬𝐞 = 𝐅∆𝐭 = 𝐅(𝒕𝟐 − 𝒕𝟏 )