By: Trisha Mae Besenio
Devine Grace Ambayec
Kyle Rodriguez
There are some unusual
styles of reproduction in
the Kingdom Animalia.
Animals can produce
either asexually or
sexually.
In this type of reproduction,
an individual produces
offspring that are genetically
identical to itself since the
genetic makeup is not
changed.
1. Budding- This occurs when an offspring grows
out of the body of the parent. One example of
an organism undergoing this the hydra.
2. Gemmation- This asexual reproduction
happens when an organism spontaneously
develops a bulge that turns into a new organism.
Sponges undergo this kind of reproduction.
3. Fragmentation- This type of asexual
reproduction occurs when one part of an
organism give rise to another. In the case of the
flatworms, the animal splits at a particular joint
and the two fragments regenerate the missing
organs and tissues.
4. Regeneration- This happens when there is a
regrowth of new parts of an organism’s body to
replace those that have been damaged.
Regeneration enables a green anole lizard
(Anolis carolinensis) to grow back a lost tail.
In sexual reproduction, two organisms produce offspring
that have genetic characteristics coming from both
parents. Through sexual reproduction, new gene
combination is introduced in a population through genetic
recombination with more variation among species
towards better adaptation and survival.
There are two types of fertilization among animal
organisms: external and internal fertilization.
1.External Fertilization
This type of sexual reproduction is marked
by the release of both sperm and eggs into an external
environment. It is advantageous for aquatic animals
because it does not require specialized structure, freeing
them from any parental role and allowing the offspring
to mature, adapt, and become independent quickly. As
much, there is potential for high rate of reproduction in
addition, since it happens in or near bodies of water, the
eggs are prevented from desiccation, even allowing the
environment to nourish the eggs. Also, the developing
larvae are supplied by the egg resources.
External fertilization occurs when the sperm fertilizes
the egg outside of the organism as shown in the
spawning of fish . It also occurs mostly in wet
environment and requires both the male and the
female to release their gametes ( sex cells) into their
surroundings, which is usually water. Amphibians and
fish are examples of animals that reproduces this way.
2. Internal Fertilization
In this type of sexual reproduction,
the sperm fertilizes the egg within the female.
It protects the fertilized egg or embryo from
predation and harsh environments.
It includes three methods: oviparity,
ovoviparity, viviparity
a. Oviparity- Oviparous animals retain the
fertilized egg inside the body where
development occurs and nourishment is received
from the yolk. They include those that
reproduce by laying eggs, with little or no
embryonic development within the mother.
- This is the reproductive method of
most fish, amphibians, reptiles, insects,
arachnids, birds, and egg-laying mammals.
b. Ovoviparity- Ovoviparous animals produce
eggs that develop within the mother’s body.
When the eggs hatch within the mother, the
offspring stay within the mother for some time,
eating unfertilized eggs in the womb for
nourishment. The offspring does not have an
umbilical cord to attach the embryo to it’s
mother.
c. Viviparity- this type of sexual reproduction is
one wherein a young develop within the female
and nourishment is received directly from the
mother through a placenta. Viviparous animals,
like humans and most mammals, give birth to
living young that have been nourished in close
contact with their mother’s bodies.
