SUPER CAPACITOR
G.SUJITH REDDY
17311A0473
ECE B
CONTENTS
What is capacitor
Capacitance
How charge stored in capacitor
Why super capacitor
What is super capacitor
Comparison between super capacitor and
capacitor
Types of super capacitor
Working of super capacitor
Advantages and Disadvantages
Applications
Conclusion
CAPACITOR
Capacitor is an electronic component that stores
electric charge.
The capacitor is made of 2 close conductors
(usually plates) that are separated by a dielectric
material (waxed paper, mica, ceramic,plastic).
The plates accumulate electric charge when
connected to power source.
One plate accumulates positive charge and the
other plate accumulates negative charge.
CAPACITANCE
The capacitance is the amount of electric charge that
is stored in the capacitor at voltage of 1 Volt.
The capacitance is measured in units of Farad (F)
The capacitance (C) of the capacitor is equal to the
electric charge (Q) divided by the voltage (V)
C=Q/V
C is the capacitance in farad (F)
Q is the electric charge in coulombs (C), that is stored
on the capacitor
V is the voltage between the capacitor's plates in
volts(V)
CAPACITANCE OF PARALLEL PLATE
CAPACITOR
The capacitance (C) of the plates capacitor is
equal to the permittivity (ε) times the plate area
(A) divided by the gap or distance between the
plates (d)
•C is the capacitance of the capacitor, in farad
(F).
•ε is the permittivity of the capacitor's
dialectic
•material, in farad per meter (F/m)
• A is the area of the capacitor's plate in
square meters (m).
• d is the distance between the capacitor's
plates, in meters (m).
HOW CHARGE STORED IN CAPACITOR
• When a voltage is applied to these plates an
electrical current flows charging up one plate
with a positive charge with respect to the supply
voltage and the other plate with an equal
and opposite negative charge.
• When a capacitor is fully charged there is a
potential difference, p.d. between its plates,
and the larger the area of the plates and/or the
smaller the distance between them (known
as separation) the greater will be the charge that
the capacitor can hold and the greater will
be its Capacitance.
WHY SUPER CAPACITOR
Electricity is relatively difficult to store in a
hurry.
Batteries can hold large amounts of power.
They take hours to charge up.
Capacitors, on the other hand…
charge almost instantly but store only tiny
amounts of energy
Then we need to store and release large amounts
of electricity very quickly, it's quite likely we'll
turn to supercapacitors (also known as ultra
capacitors) that combine the best of both worlds
SUPER CAPACITOR
Super capacitors are electrochemical devices with
following features:
High energy density.
High power density.
High capacitance.
Longer life.
A super capacitor or ultra capacitor is an
electrochemical capacitor that has an unusually high
energy density when compared to common capacitors.
They are of particular interest in automotive
applications for hybrid vehicles and as supplementary
storage for battery electric vehicles
They typically store 10 to 100 times more energy per
unit volume or mass than electrolytic capacitors, can
accept and deliver charge much faster than batteries,
and tolerate many more charge and discharge cycles
than rechargeable batteries.
Super capacitors are used in applications requiring
many rapid charge/discharge cycles rather than long
term compact energy storage: within cars, buses,
trains, cranes and elevators, where they are used for
regenerative braking.
Super capacitors do not use the conventional solid
dielectric of ordinary capacitors. They use
electrostatic double-layer capacitance or
electrochemical pseudo capacitance or a combination
of both instead
PRINCIPLE, CONSTRUCTION AND
WORKING
Principle:
Energy is stored in ultra capacitor by polarizing the
electrolytic solution. The charges are separated via
electrode –electrolyte interface.
Every electrochemical capacitor has two electrodes,
mechanically separated by a separator.
which are ionically connected to each other via the
electrolyte
The electrolyte is a mixture of positive and negative
ions dissolved in a solvent such as water.
• At each of the two electrodes surfaces originates an area
in which the liquid electrolyte contacts the conductive
metallic surface of the electrode.
• This interface forms a common boundary among two
different phases of matter.
•In this interface occurs a very special phenomenon of the
double layer effect.
WORKING
Applying a voltage to an electrochemical
capacitor causes both electrodes in the capacitor
to generate electrical double-layers.
The two layers are separated by a monolayer of
solvent molecules.
There for there is a formation of a layer of ions the both
side of the plate. This is called ‘double layer’ formation
For this reason ultra capacitor also known as double layer
capacitor
The distance between the plates is in the order of
angstroms
According to the formula of capacitance,
Dielectric constant of medium X area of the plate
capacitance: -----------------------------------------------------
Distance between the plates
capacitance C is greatest in capacitors made from
materials with a high permittivity, large electrode
plate surface areas and small distance between plates
d. As a result, double-layer capacitors have much
higher capacitance values than conventional
capacitors, arising from the extremely large surface
area of activated carbon electrodes and the extremely
thin double-layer distance on the order of a few
angstroms (0.3-0.8 nm).
CHARGING & DISCHARGING
TYPES OF SUPER CAPACITORS
Super capacitors are mainly classified into three
types:
•Double layer capacitors
•Pseudo -capacitors
•Hybrid capacitors
ADVANTAGES
• Long life: It works for large number of cycle
without wear and aging.
• Rapid charging: it takes a second to charge
completely(due to their low internal resistance)
• Low cost: it is less expensive as compared to
electrochemical battery.
• High power storage: It stores huge amount of
energy in a small volume(The supercapacitor
consists of large surface area electrodes and very
thin dielectric)
• Faster release: Release the energy much faster
than battery
DISADVANTAGES
Has the highest dielectric absorption of any type
of capacitor.
High self-discharge - the rate is considerably
higher than that of an electrochemical battery.
Cells hold low voltages - serial connections are
needed to obtain higher voltages. Voltage
balancing is required if more than three
capacitors are connected in series.
Due to rapid and large release of energy (albeit
over short times), EDLC's have the potential to
be deadly to humans
APPLICATIONS
Some of the earliest uses were motor start-up
capacitors for large engines in tanks and submarines
China is experimenting with a new form of electric
bus (capabus) that runs without powerlines using
large on-board EDLCs
Germany has operated a light-rail vehicle (LRV) that
uses EDLCs to store braking energy.
EDLCs can be used in PC Cards, flash photography
devices in digital cameras, flashlights, portable media
players, and in automated meter reading, particularly
where extremely fast charging is desirable.
Used as backup energy source for GPS guided
missiles
CONCLUSION
Super capacitors may be used where high power
or energy storage is required.
Super capacitors can be used widely because of
their long life & short charging time.
On the other hand it has limitations due to its
high cost, self discharge, packaging problems etc.
