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Modulation: Farrukh Javed

This document discusses sound waves and modulation. It describes how sound waves are compression waves generated by vibrating air. It shows diagrams of the shape of sound waves from different sources like bombs or cameras. It also illustrates sound waves in the time and frequency domains. The document then introduces modulation as a way to communicate over long distances by varying a characteristic of a carrier wave, such as its amplitude, frequency, or phase. This allows assigning different frequencies to different users. Modulation is necessary for telecommunication because it overcomes limitations of direct transmission and allows multiple access.

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Chaudhary Farrukh
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74 views26 pages

Modulation: Farrukh Javed

This document discusses sound waves and modulation. It describes how sound waves are compression waves generated by vibrating air. It shows diagrams of the shape of sound waves from different sources like bombs or cameras. It also illustrates sound waves in the time and frequency domains. The document then introduces modulation as a way to communicate over long distances by varying a characteristic of a carrier wave, such as its amplitude, frequency, or phase. This allows assigning different frequencies to different users. Modulation is necessary for telecommunication because it overcomes limitations of direct transmission and allows multiple access.

Uploaded by

Chaudhary Farrukh
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Farrukh Javed

Modulation
Sequence

 Sound Waves
 Modulation
 Frequency Modulation
Sound Waves
Modulation
Sound Waves

 Sound waves are compression waves


 These waves are generated by compressing
the air in the surrounding
 These vibrations are received by human ear
by virtue of a vibrating ear drum
 These are matter waves and cannot
propagate in vacuum
What would be the shape of following
sound waves ?

 Bomb

 Explosion

 Camera

 Arrow

 Hammer
Shape of compression waves due to
sudden noise
15 mtrs

10

source
25 mtrs 20 15 10 5 5 10 15 20 mtrs

10

15 mtrs
Continous sound

 If a continous voice is to be heard then the


source of disturbance should be continous
5 mtrs

25 mtrs 20 15 10 5 5 10 15 20 mtrs

10

15 mtrs
Sound Waves in Time Domain

25 mtrs 20 15 10 5 5 10 15 20 mtrs

-5 secs -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 secs

Amplitude
Sound Waves in Time Domain

25 mtrs 20 15 10 5 5 10 15 20 mtrs

-5 secs -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 secs

Amplitude
Properties of Sound
 Amplitude
 Time period (T)
 Frequency(f) = 1 / T Time Period
 Wavelength = c / f
Amplitude

Time
-5 secs -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 secs
Sound Waves in Frequency Domain
Time Period

Time
-5 secs -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 secs

Amplitude

Frequency
0.5 1 1.5 2Hz

Amplitude
Sounds With Multiple Frequencies

 Sound with a single


Frequency
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9Hz
frequency
Amplitude

 Sound with two


Frequency
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9Hz frequencies
Amplitude

 Sound with multiple


Frequency
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9Hz frequencies
Amplitude
Vocal and Audible Frequencies
 Vocal Frequencies
Frequency
4 KHz
Amplitude

 Audible Frequencies
Frequency
2 KHz 20 KHz
Amplitude
Demos of Audible Sounds

Matlab / Help / Demos / Graphics / Visualising Sound


Excercise

 Go to electrical lab and make a setup of


frequency generator and oscilloscope to
make a waveform of following specifications
 100 KHz Frequency
 3 mV Amplitude
 What is the wavelength
Modulation
Modulation
Telecommunication

 Communication at large distance is


accomplished by modulation
How to talk at long distance ?

 Speak loud

 Problem

What if the distance is too high


Solution: Change the voice into electrical signal
How to change voice into electricity?

 Use a transducer and a speaker

Transducer

 Problem

Transducer

What if there are a numer of users


Solution: Have a switching mechanism
How to have a switching mechanism?

 Use an exchange

Transducer Exchange

 Problem

Transducer Exchange

What if I want to carry my phone with me


Solution: Use the air as medium(RF medium)
How to use RF medium?

 Use an antenna

Transducer

Transmitter Receiver
 Problems
 Everybody cannot talk on the same frequency
 Noise interferes with audible frequencies
 Antenna length must be at least wavelength / 4
 Solution
 Transmit at some higher frequency
 Allot different frequencies to different users
How to have higher and different
frequencies for each user ?

MODULATE
Modulation
 Communication is the process by which information is
exchanged
 Modulation is the process in which some characteristic
of a higher sine wave is varied in accordance with the
information or modulation signal.
 The modulation can be of various types depending on
the characteristic being varied
 Amplitude Modulation
 Frequency Modulation
 Phase modulation
Sine Waves

 e = A sin (ώt + Ф) Time Period

Time
-5 secs -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 secs

Amplitude

Frequency
0.5 1 1.5 2Hz

Amplitude
Why sine waves ?

 All hardware is deigned in frequency domain


 All waveforms can be resolved into sum of
infinite sine waves
Questions
Modulation

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