Computer Aided Design
(CAD)
Chapter 1:Engineering Drawing Standards
Orthographic Projection
Orthographic Projection
Orthographic Projection
SOME TECHNICAL TERMS (page 1)
Bush Web Bore Boss Collar Spoke Rim Hub
Shoulder
Shaft Pulley
Taper Rib
Key Bracket
base
Keyway Fillet
Keyway Table
Flange Slot
Spigot Spotface
Recess Chamfer Tee slot Dowel Lug Counterbore
Blind hole Countersink
SOME TECHNICAL TERMS (page 1)
CAN YOU DETERMINE THE PROJECTION SYSTEM
USED? (first or third angle?)
CAN YOU IDENTIFY THE TYPES OF HOLES ABOVE?
Projection Symbol – How to Draw
COMMON LINE TYPES (page 5)
1. Continuous Thick (0.5mm) TYPE A
2. Continuous Thin (0.25mm) TYPE B
3. Dashed Thin (0.25mm) TYPE E
4. Chain Thin (0.25mm) TYPE F
LINETYPES
Hidden
Centre
Hatch
Outlines
Text
Dimension
Lines
Leader Lines
Leader Lines
To show where dimensions or notes apply.
Always end in arrowheads or dots.
Arrowheads touch and stop on a line
Dots should be within the outline of the object.
Long or intersecting leader lines should not be used.
General Points on Drafting
Arrows:
Triangular and Solid
Length = 3 x width
Arrows on Dimensions -> 3-5mm Long
Arrows showing direction of view -> 7-10mm Long
Text Height = Not less than 3mm.
Underlining of text is not recommended.
Notes of a general character to be grouped together.
General Points on Drafting
Commonly Accepted Symbols and
Abbreviations
AF CBORE HYD
ASSY CYL INSUL
CRS DIA INT
CL DRG LH
CHAM EQUI SP LG
CH HD EXT MATL
CSK FIG. MAX
CSK HD HEX MIN
Commonly Accepted Symbols and
Abbreviations
NO. RD HD STD
O/D SCR THD
PATT NO. SH TYP
PCD SK UCUT
RAD SPEC VOL
R SR WT
REQD SFACE
RH SQ
SCREW THREAD - TERMS
SCREW THREAD - TYPES
SCREW THREAD - External
NOTE:
Inner lines are
Type 2 Lines
(Continous Thin
Lines)
SCREW THREAD - Internal
NOTE:
Inner lines are
Type 2 Lines
(Continous Thin
Lines)
SCREW THREAD - Internal
SECTIONS AND SECTIONAL VIEWS
(page 12 BS308)
Hatching is Drawn with Type B (Continuous Thin) Lines,
equally spaced at 45º.
Preferably not less than 4mm Apart
With very small parts, never less than 1mm
On adjacent parts, alternate the direction of Hatching.
Correct Section Line – Type F (Chain Thin)
SECTIONS AND SECTIONAL VIEWS
SECTIONS AND SECTIONAL VIEWS
SECTIONS AND SECTIONAL VIEWS
SECTIONS AND SECTIONAL VIEWS
SECTIONS AND SECTIONAL VIEWS
(page 15 BS308)
PARTS NOT NORMALLY SECTIONED WHEN THE
CUTTING PLANE PASSES LONGITUDINALLY
THROUGH:
FASTNERS (bolts, nuts) SHAFTS, RIBS, WEBS,
SPOKES of WHEELS etc.
SECTIONS AND SECTIONAL VIEWS
(page 15 BS308)
FASTNERS
AND SHAFT
NOT
SECTIONED
WEB NOT
SECTONED
OFFSET SECTION
SECTION IN MORE THAN 1 PLANE
Computer Aided Design
(CAD)
Chapter 2:Limits, Fits and Tolerances
Limits and Fits
Example Application
Clearance Fit
Interference Fit
Limits and Fits - Terminology
Limits and Fits - Terminology
CLEARANCE INTERFERENCE TRANSITION
FITS FITS FITS
Limits and Fits
POSITIVE
SELECTED
FITS
NEGATIVE
Limits and Fits
SELECTED
FITS
Limits and Fits – Classification
H11-c11 – Extra loose running fit
Provides a large clearance. Gives easy assembly.
H9-d10 – Loose running fit
Used where ease of assembly is required (e.g. pulleys)
H9-e9 – Easy running fit
Suitable for smaller parts, e.g. camshafts etc.
H8-f7 – Normal running fit
Good quality fit which can be easily produced.
H7-g6 Close running or Location fit
Expensive to produce.
H7-h6 Precision slide or Location fit
Precision Slides with good lubrication under constant Temp.
Limits and Fits – Classification
H7-k6 – Push or easy keyring fit
Location of parts which are not dismantled often.
H7-n6 –Tight keyring fit
Tight assembly of long parts where H7-k6 isn’t sufficient.
H7-p6 – Light drive fit
Used to secure steel parts. Dismantel & renewal required.
H7-s6 – Heavy drive fit
Permanent assembly of ferrous parts. Shrunk-fit required.
Limits and Fits - Question
Consider a Drive pulley and shaft
assembly (shaft = Ø40). The keyway
provides positive drive rotation.
The required fit is H7-h6.
Calculate:
the Maximum and Minimum
Limits for the size of Hole & Shaft.
Limits and Fits - Solution
Ø40H7 = +25 upper
0 lower
I.E.:
Max Limit of Size of Hole: 40 + .025 = 40.025
Min Limit of Size of Hole: 40 – 0 = 40.000
Ø40 h6 = -16 upper
0 lower
I.E.:
Max Limit of Size of Shaft: 40 - .016 = 39.984
Min Limit of Size of Shaft: 40 – 0 = 40.000
Limits and Fits - AutoCAD
Machining and Surface Texture
3.2 3.2
Surface Roughness of Machining of Surface Machining of Surface
3.2 µm is Required (removal of material)
(Machining Optional) is Prohibited!
Machining and Surface Texture
All surfaces are to be
machined. A value can
be added as necessary.
Typical Drawing with
Surface Roughness
Computer Aided Design
(CAD)
Chapter 3:Dimensioning
Dimensionining
Each dimension required should only appear once. There
should be no more dimensions than necessary.
Linear Dimensions are normally in millimeters (mm). The
symbol may be ommitted provided the drawing carries a
statement of the unit used.
Angular Dimensions should be expressed in degrees and
minutes, e.g.:
20° 30’
Dimensionining
Projection lines and dimension lines should normally be
placed outside the outline of the view.
Crossing of projection and dimension lines should be
avoided.
Projection lines should start just clear of the outline of the
feature and should extend a little beyond the dimension line.
Projection lines should normally be drawn perpendicular to
the dimension required.
Dimensioning Overview
Dimensioning Overview
Dimensions should be placed near the middle, and above the
dimension line.
Larger Dimensions should be placed outside smaller
dimensions.
Dimensioning Methods
Parallel Dimensioning:
Consists of a number of dimension
lines originating from a datum
feature.
Chain Dimensioning:
Should only be used where the
accumulation of tolerances does
not endanger the function of the
part.
Diameter Dimensioning
Diameter dimensions of a circle or cylinder is shown by the
symbol Ø in front of the No.
Radius Dimensioning
Radii should be dimensioned by a dimension line that passes
through, or is in line with, the center of the arc.
The dimension line should have one arrowhead only, that
which touches the arc.
The symbol R is placed in front of the No.
Dimensioning Features
Dimensioning of equally-spaced features may be simplified
by using methods similar to below:
Dimensioning Holes etc.
Notes:
- The term “spot face” implies that
the depth is the minimum necessary
to provide a machined surface.
- Chamfers at 45° should be
dimensioned as below and not
described by a note.
Dimensioning Holes etc.
Dimensioning Tapered Features
Dimensioning Screw Threads
The letter M, standing for ISO metric thread, is followed by,
the nominal diameter and the pitch, both in millimetres. E.g.
M8 x 1.
The absence of a pitch (e.g. M8), means that a course pitch is
specified. (e.g. The course pitch for an M8 thread is 1.25mm.
(See Page 7 in AutoCAD Notes part II)
Thread tolerance
6H is suitable for INTERNAL thread tolerance.
6g is suitable for EXTERNAL thread tolerance.
E.g. M10 x 1 – 6g
Dimensioning External Threads
Dimensioning Internal Threads
Note the hatch lines and line weights.
Dimensioning Threads
Typical Dimensioned Drawing
