Introduction to Matrices

Kushal Chand Sharma

Assistant Professor (Maths)
Govt. College, Rampur Bsr
Dist. Shimla, H.P.
 Matrices - Introduction
Matrix algebra has at least two advantages:
•Reduces complicated systems of equations to simple
expressions
•Adaptable to systematic method of mathematical treatment
and well suited to computers
Definition:
A matrix is a set or group of numbers arranged in a square or
rectangular array enclosed by two brackets

 4 2 a b 
1  1  3 0 c d 
   
 Matrices - Introduction
Properties:
•A specified number of rows and a specified number of
columns
•Two numbers (rows x columns) describe the dimensions
or size of the matrix.

Examples:
3x3 matrix 1 2 4 
2x4 matrix
4  1 5 1 1
  
3  3
 1  1
3 3 3 0 0 3 2 
1x2 matrix
 Matrices - Introduction
TYPES OF MATRICES

1. Column matrix or vector:

The number of rows may be any integer but the number of
columns is always 1

1   a11 
 4 1  a21 
   3  
2    
am1 
 Matrices - Introduction
TYPES OF MATRICES

2. Row matrix or vector

Any number of columns but only one row

1 1 6 0 3 5 2

 a11 a12 a13  a1n 

 Matrices - Introduction
TYPES OF MATRICES

3. Rectangular matrix
Contains more than one element and number of rows is not
equal to the number of columns

1 1 
3 7  1 1 1 0 0 
   2 0 3 3 0
7  7   
 
7 6 
mn
 Matrices - Introduction
TYPES OF MATRICES
4. Square matrix
The number of rows is equal to the number of columns
(a square matrix A has an order of m)
mxm

1 1 1 1 1
9 9 0
3 0  
  6 6 1
The principal or main diagonal of a square matrix is composed of all
elements aij for which i=j
 Matrices - Introduction
TYPES OF MATRICES

5. Diagonal matrix
A square matrix where all the elements are zero except those on
the main diagonal
3 0 0 0
1 0 0  0 3 0 
0
0 2 0  
  0 0 5 0
0 0 1  
0 0 0 9
i.e. aij =0 for all i = j
aij = 0 for some or all i = j
 Matrices - Introduction
TYPES OF MATRICES

6. Unit or Identity matrix - I

A diagonal matrix with ones on the main diagonal

1 0 0 0
0 
 1 0 0 1 0  aij 0
0 0 1 0 0 1  0 
   aij 
 
0 0 0 1
i.e. aij =0 for all i = j
a = 1 for some or all i = j
 Matrices - Introduction
TYPES OF MATRICES

7. Null (zero) matrix - 0

All elements in the matrix are zero

0  0 0 0 
0  0 0 0 
   
0
0 0 0

aij  0 For all i,j

 Matrices – Introduction
TYPES OF MATRICES
8. Scalar matrix
A diagonal matrix whose main diagonal elements are
equal to the same scalar
A scalar is defined as a single number or constant

aij 0 0 1 0 0 6 0 0 0
  0 1 0  0 
0 aij 0    6 0 0
0 0 aij  0 0 1
 0 0 6 0
 
i.e. aij = 0 for all i = j 0 0 0 6
aij = a for all i = j
 Matrices

Matrix Operations
 Matrices - Operations

EQUALITY OF MATRICES
Two matrices are said to be equal only when all
corresponding elements are equal
Therefore their size or dimensions are equal as well

1 0 0  1 0 0 
A=  2 1 0 B=  2 1 0 A=B
   
5 2 3 5 2 3
 Matrices - Operations
Some properties of equality:
•IIf A = B, then B = A for all A and B
•IIf A = B, and B = C, then A = C for all A, B and C

1 0 0  b11 b12 b13 

A=  2 1 0 B=
b b b23 
   21 22

5 2 3 b31 b32 b33 

If A = B then aij  bij

 Matrices - Operations
ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION OF MATRICES

The sum or difference of two matrices, A and B of the same

size yields a matrix C of the same size

cij  aij  bij

Matrices of different sizes cannot be added or subtracted
 Matrices - Operations
Commutative Law:
A+B=B+A

Associative Law:
A + (B + C) = (A + B) + C = A + B + C

7 3  1  1 5 6  8 8 5
 2  5 6     4  2 3    2  7 9 
     
A B C
2x3 2x3 2x3
 Matrices - Operations
A+0=0+A=A
A + (-A) = 0 (where –A is the matrix composed of –aij as elements)

6 4 2 1 2 0 5 2 2 
3 2 7   1 0 8  2 2  1
     
 Matrices - Operations
SCALAR MULTIPLICATION OF MATRICES

Matrices can be multiplied by a scalar (constant or single

element)
Let k be a scalar quantity; then
kA = Ak

3  1
Ex. If k=4 and
2 1 
A 
2  3
 
4 1 
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