S.V.

PUBLIC SCHOOL

PPT ON JAVA
By ----- Dhananjay Singh
Class ------ XI A
Roll No ------ 06
1
 How Java Works
Java's platform independence is achieved by the
use of the Java Virtual Machine
A Java program consists of one or more files with a
.java extension
– these are plain old text files
When a Java program is compiled the .java files
are fed to a compiler which produces a .class file
for each .java file
The .class file contains Java bytecode.
Bytecode is like machine language, but it is
intended for the Java Virtual Machine not a specific
chip such as a Pentium or PowerPC chip

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 More on How Java Works
To run a Java program the bytecode in a .class file
is fed to an interpreter which converts the byte code
to machine code for a specific chip (IA-32,
PowerPC)
Some people refer to the interpreter as "The Java
Virtual Machine" (JVM)
The interpreter is platform specific because it takes
the platform independent bytecode and produces
machine language instructions for a particular chip
So a Java program could be run an any type of
computer that has a JVM written for it.
– PC, Mac, Unix, Linux, BeaOS, Sparc
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 A Picture is Worth…
The output of the
compiler is .class
file

The Interpreter's are sometimes referred to as the Java Virtual

Machines
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 So What!

The platform independence of Java may be a huge

marketing tool, but is actually of little use to people
learning Object Oriented Programming and
Abstract Data Types
What is of use is the simplicity of the Java syntax
and programming concepts
Java is a "pure" Object Oriented Language

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 HelloWorld.java
/**
* A simple program
*/

public class HelloWorld

{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
System.out.println("HELLO CS307!");
}
}
6
 More on Java Programs
All code part of some class
public class Foo
{ //start of class Foo
/*all code in here!*/
} // end of class Foo
The code for class Foo will be in a file
named Foo.java
– just a text file with the .java extension
– a class is a programmer defined data type
A complete program will normally consist of
many different classes and thus many
different files 7
 Error Types
Syntax error / Compile errors
– caught at compile time.
– compiler did not understand or compiler does not
allow
Runtime error
– something “Bad” happens at runtime. Java
breaks these into Errors and Exceptions
Logic Error
– program compiles and runs, but does not do
what you intended or want

8
 Java Language
Review of Basic Features

9
 Basic Features
Data Types
– primitives
– classes / objects
Expressions and operators
Control Structures
Arrays
Methods
Programming for correctness
– pre and post conditions
– assertions
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Java Data Types

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 Data Types
Primitive Data Types
– byte short int long float double boolean char
//dataType identifier;
int x;
int y = 10;
int z, zz;
double a = 12.0;
boolean done = false, prime = true;
char mi = 'D';
– stick with int for integers, double for real numbers
Classes and Objects
– pre defined or user defined data types consisting of constructors,
methods, and fields (constants and fields (variables) which may be
primitives or objects.)
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 Java Primitive Data Types
Data Characteristics Range
Type
byte 8 bit signed integer -128 to 127

short 16 bit signed integer -32768 to 32767

int 32 bit signed integer -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647

long 64 bit signed integer -9,223,372,036,854,775,808 to-

9,223,372,036,854,775,807
float 32 bit floating point + 1.4E-45 to
number + 3.4028235E+38
double 64 bit floating point + 4.9E-324 to
number + 1.7976931348623157E+308
boolean true or false NA, note Java booleans cannot be
converted to or from other types
char 16 bit, Unicode Unicode character, \u0000 to \uFFFF
Can mix with integer types
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 What are Classes and Objects?
Class is synonymous with data type
Object is like a variable
– The data type of the Object is some Class
– referred to as an instance of a Class
Classes contain:
– the implementation details of the data type
– and the interface for programmers who just want
to use the data type
Objects are complex variables
– usually multiple pieces of internal data
– various behaviors carried out via methods
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 Creating and Using Objects
Declaration - DataType identifier
Rectangle r1;
Creation - new operator and specified
constructor
r1 = new Rectangle();
Rectangle r2 = new Rectangle();
Behavior - via the dot operator
r2.setSize(10, 20);
String s2 = r2.toString();
Refer to documentation for available
behaviors (methods)
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 import
import is a reserved word
packages and classes can be imported to
another class
does not actually import the code (unlike the
C++ include preprocessor command)
statement outside the class block
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.awt.Rectangle;
public class Foo{
// code for class Foo
}
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 More on import
can include a whole package
– import java.util.*;
or list a given class
– import java.util.Random;
instructs the compiler to look in the package for
types it can't find defined locally
the java.lang.* package is automatically
imported to all other classes.
Not required to import classes that are part of the
same project in Eclipse

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 The String Class
String is a standard Java class
– a whole host of behaviors via methods
also special (because it used so much)
– String literals exist (no other class has literals)
String name = "Mike D.";
– String concatenation through the + operator
String firstName = "Mike";
String lastName = "Scott";
String wholeName = firstName + lastName;
– Any primitive or object on other side of + operator
from a String automatically converted to String
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 Standard Output
To print to standard output use
System.out.print( expression ); // no newline
System.out.println( expression ); // newline
System.out.println( ); // just a newline

common idiom is to build up expression to

be printed out

System.out.println( "x is: " + x + " y is: " + y );

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 Constants
Literal constants - "the way you specify values that
are not computed and recomputed, but remain,
well, constant for the life of a program."
– true, false, null, 'c', "C++", 12, -12, 12.12345
Named constants
– use the keyword final to specify a constant
– scope may be local to a method or to a class
By convention any numerical constant besides -1,
0, 1, or 2 requires a named constant
final int NUM_SECTIONS = 3;

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Expressions and Operators

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 Operators
Basic Assignment: =
Arithmetic Operators: +, -, *, /, %(remainder)
– integer, floating point, and mixed arithmetic and
expressions
Assignment Operators: +=, -=, *=, /=, %=
increment and decrement operators: ++, --
– prefix and postfix.
– avoid use inside expressions.
int x = 3;
x++;
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 Expressions
Expressions are evaluated based on the
precedence of operators
Java will automatically convert numerical
primitive data types but results are
sometimes surprising
– take care when mixing integer and floating point
numbers in expressions
The meaning of an operator is determined by
its operands
/
is it integer division or floating point division?
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 Primitive Casting Outer ring is most
inclusive data type.
double Inner ring is least
inclusive.
float
In expressions
long variables and
sub expressions
int of less inclusive
short, data types are
char automatically cast
From MORE to LESS to more inclusive.

byte If trying to place

expression that is
more inclusive into
variable that is less
inclusive, explicit cast
must be performed.
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Java Control Structures

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 Control Structures
linear flow of control
– statements executed in consecutive order
Decision making with if - else statements
if(boolean-expression)
statement;
if(boolean-expression)
{ statement1;
statement2;
statement3;
}
A single statement could be replaced by a
statement block, braces with 0 or more statements
inside
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 Boolean Expressions
boolean expressions evaluate to true or false
Relational Operators: >, >=, <, <=, ==, !=
Logical Operators: &&, ||, !
– && and || cause short circuit evaluation
– if the first part of p && q is false then q is not
evaluated
– if the first part of p || q is true then q is not
evaluated
//example
if( x <= X_LIMIT && y <= Y_LIMIT)
//do something
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 More Flow of Control
 if-else:
if(boolean-expression)
statement1;
else
statement2;
 multiway selection:
if(boolean-expression1)
statement1;
else if(boolean-expression2)
statement2;
else
statement3;
 individual statements could be replaced by a statement
block, a set of braces with 0 or more statements
 Java also has the switch statement, but not part of our
subset 28