PHY 101: Lecture 6
• 6.1 Work Done by a Constant Force
• 6.2 The Work-Energy Theorem and Kinetic Energy
• 6.3 Gravitational Potential Energy
• 6.4 Conservation Versus Nonconservative Forces
• 6.5 The Conservation of Mechanical Energy
• 6.6 Nonconservative Forces and the Work-Energy
Theorem
• 6.7 Power
PHY 101: Lecture 6
Work and Energy
6.1
Work Done by a Constant Force
Work vs. Energy
• Energy is a property of matter
Mass and Inertia are other properties
• Matter that has energy can do work by
means of a force
• Work transfers or changes energy
Work – Constant Force
• Work is a scalar
• Work done on an object by a
constant force F is: d
W = (F cosq)d
• F is the magnitude of the force
• d is the magnitude of the
displacement
q is angle between direction of
force and direction of
displacement
• SI Unit of Work: Joule (J)
Amount of Energy in Food
• 1 calorie = 4.186 J
• 1 food calorie = 1000 calories = 4186 J
• 2000 food calorie diet = 8.37 x 106 J
Work – Example 1
• You are carrying a backpack across
campus
• What is the work done by your vertical
carrying force on the backpack?
Work done by vertical carrying force is zero
This force is perpendicular to the direction of
motion so q = 900
cos90 = 0
Work – Example 2
• A person pushes on an unmoving wall with
a force of 10 newtons
• How much work is he doing?
W = 0 because the force is not moving
Work – Example 3
• A person does 50 J of work in moving a
30-kg box over a 10-m distance on a
horizontal surface
• What is the minimum force required?
cosq = 1
W = Fd
50 = F(10)
F = 50 /10 = 5.0 N
Work – Example 4
• An object is being pulled along the ground by
a 75-N force directed 280 above the horizontal
• How much work does the force do in pulling
the object 8.0 m?
W = Fdcosq = 75 N (8.0 m) cos28 = 530 J
Work – Example 5
• A 5.0-kg box slides a 10-m distance on ice
• The coefficient of kinetic friction is 0.20
• What is the work done by the friction force
fk = mkN
W = -fkd
The sign is minus because the force is in the opposite
direction from the motion, q = 1800
In vertical direction, we have N – mg = ma = 0
N = mg
W = -(0.20)(5 x 9.8)(10) = - 98 J
Work – Example 6a
• A 5-kg hammer moves at 8 m/sec
• The hammer drives a nail 0.04 m into a piece of wood
• Ability to do work comes from motion of hammer
• What is the force applied to the nail?
vf2 = vi2 + 2a(xf – xi)
02 = 82 + 2a(0.04)
-64 = .08a
a = - 800m/s2
F = force on hammer = ma = 5 kg x (-800) = - 4000 N
F = force on nail = + 4000 N
Work done by hammer = Fd = 4000(0.040 = 160 J
Work – Example 6b
• A 5-kg hammer moves at 8 m/sec
• The hammer drives a nail 0.01 m into a piece of
wood
• a = -3200 m/s2
• F = -16000 n
• F = 16000 n
• W = Fd = 16000 x 0.01 = 160 J
• Work comes from motion of hammer which is
the same in parts a and b of the problem
PHY 101: Lecture 6
Work and Energy
6.2
The Work-Energy Theorem and Kinetic Energy
Kinetic Energy
• KE is the energy of a moving object
• Work done by forces on a moving object
W = (SF)d = (ma)d
vf2 = vi2 + 2ad
W = (ma)d = m(1/2)(vf2 - vi2)
• (1/2)mv2 is identified as Kinetic Energy
Work – Energy Theorem
• A net external force does work W on an
object
• The kinetic energy of the object changes
from its initial value of KEi to a final value
of KEf
• The difference between the two values
being equal to the work
W = KEf – KEi = ½ mvf2 – ½ mvi2
Work – Energy Theorem
Example 1
• A 1200-kg automobile travels at speed 25 m/s
• (a) What is its kinetic energy?
• (b) What is the net work that would be required
to bring it to a stop?
(a)
KE = ½ mv2 = (0.5)(1200)(25)2 = 3.8 x 105 J
(b)
W = KEf – KEi = 0 – 3.8 x 105 = -3.8 x 105
Note: Work is negative because it is taking away
KE
Work-Energy Theorem
Example 2
• A constant net force of 75 N acts on an object initially at
rest through a parallel distance of 0.60 m
• (a) What is the final kinetic energy of the object?
• (b) If the object has a mass of 0.20 kg, what is its final
speed?
(a)
W = Fd = KEf – KEi
W = 75 x 0.60 = KEf
KEf = 45 joules
(b)
KE = ½ mv2 = 45 joules
v = sqrt(2 x 45 / 0.20) = 21.2 m/s
PHY 101: Lecture 6
Work and Energy
6.3
Gravitational Potential Energy
Work Done by Force of Gravity
• An object moves from initial height hi to
final height hf
• The force of gravity acts on the object
Wgravity = Fd
F = mg = weight
d = hi - hf
Wgravity = mg(hi – hf) = mghi - mghf
Gravitational Potential Energy
• The gravitational potential energy, PE, is
the energy that an object of mass m has
because of its position relative to the
surface of the earth
• That position is measured by the height h
of the object relative to an arbitrary zero
level
PE = mgh
Potential Energy – Example 1
• What is the gravitational potential energy,
relative to the ground, of a 1.0-kg box at
the top of a 50-m building?
PE = mgh = 1 x 9.8 x 50 = 490 J
Potential Energy – Example 2
• How much more gravitational potential
energy does a 1.0-kg hammer have when
it is on a shelf 1.5 m high than when it is
on a shelf 0.90 m high?
DPE = mg(hH – hL) = 1 x 9.8 x (1.5 – 0.9) =
5.88 J
PHY 101: Lecture 6
Work and Energy
6.4
Conservative Versus Nonconservative Force
Conservative Force
• Version 1
A force is conservative when the work it does
on a moving object is independent of the path
between the object’s initial and final position
• Version 2
A force is conservative when it does no net
work on an object moving around a closed
path starting and finishing at the same point
Conservative Forces
Nonconservative Forces
• Conservative Forces
Gravity
Spring force
Electrostatic force
Magnetic force
• Nonconservative Forces
Friction
Air resistance
Demonstration
Gravity is Conservative Force
• A 10-kg mass rises 20 m
• The 10-kg mass is then lowered 20 m to
it’s starting position
• How much work is done by gravity?
Raise
W = mg(hi – hf) = 10(9.8)(0 – 20) = -1960 J
Lower
W = mg(hi – hf) = 10(9.8)(20 – 0) = +1960 J
Total Work = -1960 + 1960 = 0 J
Conservative Force Example
• While testing a cannon, a 1.0-kg ball is fired
straight up into the air
• The cannon ball rises 22.5 m and then falls back
to the height at which it was launched
• What is amount of work done on ball by gravity?
Gravity is a conservative force
Work only depends on the end points of the path
The starting and ending points are the same
Work of gravity = 0
Work Done by Gravity
Path Independence 1
• Mount Everest is 9000 m high
• How much work is done against gravity by
a 70 kg person climbing straight up to the
top of Mount Everest?
W = mg(hi – hf)=70(9.8)(-9000)=-6.17 x 106 N
Work Done by Gravity
Path Independence 2
• How much work is done against gravity
by a 70 kg person climbing a ramp to the
top of Mt. Everest? h
Because of the angle q mg sin q q
Force along ramp = -mgsinq mg
Distance moved, d, is along ramp
Angle between F and d is 0 degrees
W = Fd = Fdsinq
h/d = sinq
W = -mg(h/d)d = -mgh
Same work as climbing straight up
• Note: This shows that path doesn’t
matter when gravity is the force
Demonstration
Friction is Nonconservative Force
• A 10-kg mass slides 20 m on a table
• 10-kg mass then slides back 20 m to it’s starting position
• Coefficient of kinetic friction is 0.20
• How much work is done by fricition?
Slide Forward
W = Fdcosq = mk(mg)dcos180
W = (0.2)(10)(9.8)(20)(-1) = -392 J
Slide Back
W = Fdcosq=mk(mg)dcos180
W = (0.2)(10)(9.8)(20)(-1) = -392 J
Total Work = -392 - 392 = -784 J <> 0
PHY 101: Lecture 6
Work and Energy
6.5
The Conservation of Mechanical Energy
Work-Energy
Conservative / Nonconservative Forces
• W = Wc + Wnc
• Wc + Wnc = ½ mvf2 – ½ mvi2
• Only conservative force is gravity
• mg(hi – hf) + Wnc = ½ mvf2 – ½ mvi2
• Wnc = ½ mvf2 – ½ mvi2 + mg(hf – hi)
• Wnc = (KEf – KEi) + (PEf – PEi)
Derivation
Conservation of Mechanical Energy
• Suppose that the net work Wnc done by
external nonconservative forces is zero
Wnc = 0 J
0 = (KEf – KEi) + (PEf – PEi)
(KEf – KEi) = -(PEf – PEi)
(KEf + PEf) = (KEi + PEi)
½ mvf2 + mghf = ½ mvi2 + mghi
Mechanical Energy = E = ½ mv2 + mgh
Ef = Ei
Principle
Conservation of Mechanical Energy
• Total mechanical energy (E = KE + PE) of
an object remains constant as the object
moves
• Provided that the net work done by
external nonconservative forces is zero,
Wnc = 0 J
Kinetic Energy vs. Potential Energy
• The sum of the kinetic and potential
energies at any point is conserved
• Kinetic and Potential Energies may be
converted or transformed into one another
Conservation of Mechanical Energy
Example 1a
• A person standing on a bridge at a height of 115
m above a river drops a 0.250-kg rock
• (a) What is the rock’s mechanical energy at the
time of release relative to the surface of the
river?
Initially, at top of bridge, rock is not moving
KEi = 0
Ei = KEi + PEi = 0 + mgh
Ei = 0.250 x 9.8 x 115 = 281.75 joules
Conservation of Mechanical Energy
Example 1b
• A person standing on a bridge at a height of 115
m above a river drops a 0.250-kg rock
• (b) What are rock’s kinetic, potential, and
mechanical energies after it has fallen 75.0 m?
After the rock falls 75.0 m, its height is 40 m and the
total mechanical energy is the same
E = 281.75 J
PE = mgh = 0.25 x 9.8 x 40 m = 98 J
E = KE + PE
KE = E – PE = 281.75 – 98 = 183.75 J
Conservation of Mechanical Energy
Example 1c
• A person standing on a bridge at a height of 115
m above a river drops a 0.250-kg rock
• (c) Just before the rock hits the water, what are
its speed and total mechanical energy?
At bottom of fall, total mechanical energy, E, is 115 J
Potential energy is zero, because the height is now
zero
E = KE + PE
281.75 = KE + 0
KE = 281.75 = ½ mv2
v =sqrt(281.75 x 2 /0.25) = 47.5 m/s
Conservation of Mechanical Energy
Example 2
• A 60-kg stunt person runs off a cliff at 5.0 m/s
and lands safely in the river 10.0 m below. What
was his speed when he landed?
Mechanical energy is conserved in this problem
Ef =Ei
mghf + ½ mvf2 = mghi + ½ mvi2
Mass, m, cancels out of this problem
hi = 10.0 m
hf = 0 m
vi = 5.0 m/s
(9.8)(0) + ½ vf2 = (9.8)(10.0) + ½ (9.8)(5)2
vf = sqrt[2(98 + 122.5)] = 29.7 m/s
Conservation of Mechanical Energy
Example 3
• A skier coasts down a very smooth, 10-m-high slope
• The speed of the skier on the top of the slope is 5.0 m/s
• What is his speed at the bottom of the slope?
• Mechanical energy is conserved because there is no
friction
• Ef = Ei
• ½ mvf2 + mghf = ½ mvi2 + mghi
• At the bottom of the hill hf = 0
• Mass, m, cancels out of the problem
• ½ vf2 + 0 = ½ vi2 + ghi
• vf2 = vi2 + 2ghi
• vf = sqrt(vi2 + 2ghi) = sqrt(5.02 + 2(9.8)(10) = 14.8 m/s
Conservation of Mechanical Energy
Example 4
• A 14.2 x 103 N auto is traveling at 26.7 m/s
• Auto runs out of gas 16 x 103 m from a service station
• Neglecting friction, if station is on a level 15.2 m above
elevation where car stalled, how fast will the car be going
when it rolls into the station, if in fact it gets there?
There is no friction. Mechanical energy is conserved.
Ef = Ei
½ mvf2 + mghf = ½ mvi2 + mghi
The initial height is taken as zero
½ mvf2 + mghf = ½ mvi2 + 0
½ vf2 + ghf = ½ vi2
vf2 + 2ghf = vi2
vf = sqrt(vi2 – 2ghf) = sqrt(26.72 – 2(9.8)(15.2))
vf = sqrt(414.97) = 20.37 m/s
PHY 101: Lecture 6
Work and Energy
6.6
Nonconservative Forces and the Work-Energy Theorem
Skipped
PHY 101: Lecture 6
Work and Energy
6.7
Power
Average Power
• Average rate at which work W is done
• It is obtained by dividing W by time
required to perform the work
P = Work / time = W / t
• SI Unit of Power: joules/s = watt (W)
P = W / t = Fd / t = F(d / t) = Fv
Average Power - Example
• How much power does it take to raise an
object weighing 100 N a distance of 20.0
m in 50.0 s
• It begins at rest and ends at rest?
Because the object starts at rest and ends at
rest, work only changes potential energy
W = mgh = 100(20) = 2000 J
Power = W/t = 2000/50.0 = 40 W
