BIOLOGY
Chapter 47: pp. 889 - 907 10th Edition
Conservation of
Sylvia S. Mader
Biodiversity
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
bald eagle kokanee salmon ( ´1 ,000)
150 bald eagles ( ´7)
opossum shrimp (per m2)
100
Number
50
grizzly bear
0
1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989
Year
Introduction of Opossum Shirmp
kokanee salmon zooplankton
opossum shrimp
(Mysis relicta)
PowerPoint® Lecture Slides are prepared by Dr. Isaac Barjis, Biology Instructor 1
Copyright © The McGraw Hill Companies Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display
Outline
Conservation Biology & Biodiversity
Extinction Rates
Value of Biodiversity
Direct Value
Indirect Value
Causes of Extinction
Habitat Loss
Alien Species
Pollution
Overexploitation
Conservation Techniques
2
Conservation Biology and
Biodiversity
Considers all aspects of biodiversity
General goal is conserving natural resources
for this and future generations
Primary goal is the management of biodiversity
for sustainable use by humans
3
Conservation Biology and
Biodiversity
Conservation biology supports certain
ethical principles
Biodiversity is desirable for the biosphere and
therefore for humans
Extinctions due to human actions are
undesirable
Complex interactions in ecosystems support
biodiversity and are desirable
Biodiversity brought about by evolutionary
change has value in and of itself
4
Biodiversity
At its simplest level, biodiversity is the
variety of species on Earth
Estimated that between 10 and 50 million
species currently exist
Genetic diversity refers to variations among
the members of a population
Ecosystem diversity is dependent on
interactions of species in a particular area
Landscape diversity involves a group of
interacting ecosystems
5
Number of Described Species
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
plants 240,000
fungi 63,665
bacteria and
insects 900,000 archaea 5,000
animals 280,000 protists 55,000
6
Eagles and Bears Feed
on Spawning Salmon
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
bald eagle kokanee salmon ( ´1 ,000)
150 bald eagles ( ´7)
opossum shrimp (per m2)
100
Number
50
grizzly bear
0
1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989
Year
Introduction of Opossum Shirmp
kokanee salmon zooplankton
opossum shrimp
(Mysis relicta)
7
Distribution of Biodiversity
Biodiversity is not evenly distributed
throughout the biosphere
Biodiversity is highest at the tropics
Biodiversity hotspots
Contain about 44% of known higher plant
species and 35% of terrestrial vertebrate
species
Represent only about 1.4% of earth’s land area
8
Value of Biodiversity
Direct Value
Medicinal Value
Agricultural Value
Crops
Biological Pest Controls
Pollinators
Consumptive Use Value
Wood
Skins
Wild fruits and vegetables
Hunting and fishing
9
Direct Value of Wildlife
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Wild species, like the rosy periwinkle, Wild species, like many marine species, Wild species, like the lesser long-nosed bat, Leptonycteris curasoae, Wild species, like rubber trees, Hevea, can provide a
Catharanthus roseus, are sources of many medicines. provide us with food. are pollinators of agricultural and other plants. product indefinitely if the forest is not destroyed.
Wild species, like the nine-banded armadillo, Dasypus novemcinctus,
play a role in medical research.
Wild species, like ladybugs, Coccinella, play a
role in biological control of agricultural pests.
(Periwinkle): © Kevin Schaefer/Peter Arnold, Inc.; (Armadillo): © John Cancalosi/Peter Arnold, Inc.; (Fishermen): © Herve Donnezan/Photo Researchers, Inc.; (Rubber harvest): © Bryn Campbell/Stone/Getty; (Bat): © Merlin D. Tuttle/Bat Conservation International; (Ladybug): © Anthony Mercieca/Photo Researchers, Inc.
10
Value of Biodiversity
Indirect Value
Biogeochemical Cycles
Waste Disposal
Provision of Fresh Water
Prevention of Soil Erosion
Regulation of Climate
Ecotourism
11
Indirect Value of Ecosystems
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
b.
3.0
Rate of Photosynthesis
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
1 2 4 8 16
Number of Plant Species
a. c.
a: © William Smithey, Jr.; b: © Don and Pat Valenti/DRK Photo
12
Causes of Extinction
Habitat Loss
Occurs in all ecosystems
Recent concern focuses on tropical rain forests
and coral reefs
Habitat Fragmentation
13
Habitat Loss
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Roads cut through forest
Habitat Loss
Exotic Species
Pollution
Overexploitation Forest occurs in patches
Disease
0 20 40 60 80 100
a. Threats to % Species
wildlife Affected by Threat
b. Macaws on salt lick
Destroyed areas
c. Wildlife habitat is reduced.
b: © Gunter Ziesler/Peter Arnold, Inc.; c: Courtesy Woods Hole Research Center; d: Courtesy R.O. Bierregaard;
e: Courtesy Thomas Stone, Woods Hole Research Center
14
Exotic Species
Nonnative species that migrate, or are
introduced, into a new ecosystem
Avenues of Human Introduction
Colonization
Horticulture and Agriculture
Accidental Transport
15
Alien Species
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
a. b.
a: © Chuck Pratt/Bruce Coleman, Inc.; b: © Chris Johns/National Geographic Image Collection
16
Pollution
Any environmental change that adversely
affects living things
Acid Deposition
Eutrophication
Ozone Depletion
Organic Chemicals
Global Warming
17
Global Warming
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5.5
Mean Global Temperature Change (°C)
5.0
maximum likely increase
4.5
4.0
most probable temperature
3.5
for a twofold increase in CO2
3.0
2.5
2.0
minimum likely increase
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
–0.5
1860 1900 1940 1980 2020 2060 2100
Year
a.
b.
b: Courtesy Walter C. Jaap/Florida Fish & Wildlife Conservation Commission
18
Overexploitation
The number of individuals taken from the
population is so great that the population
becomes severely reduced in numbers
Positive feedback cycle
The market forces driving overexploitation:
Exotic Pets
Poaching
Overfishing
19
Trawling
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
a. Fishing by use of a drag net
b. Result of drag net fishing
a: © Shane Moore/Animals Animals/Earth Scenes; b: © Peter Auster/University of Connecticut
20
Conservation Techniques
Habitat Preservation
Keystone Species
Metapopulations
Small populations isolated because of habitat
fragmentation
Source Populations
Sink Populations
21
Habitat Preservation
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
a. Grizzly bear, Ursus arctos horribilis
b. Old-growth forest; northern
spotted owl, Strix occidentalis
caurina (inset)
a: © Gerard Lacz/Peter Arnold, Inc.; b(Forest): © Art Wolfe/Artwolfe.com; b(Owl): © Pat & Tom Leeson/Photo Researchers, Inc.
22
Conservation Techniques
Landscape Preservation
Landscape protection for one species benefits
other wildlife in the same space
The Edge Effect
The edge around a patch of habitat has
conditions different from the patch interior
An edge reduces the amount of habitat typical
for an ecosystem
23
Edge Effect
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
30.55%
increasing percentage of
patch influenced by edge effects
43.75%
64%
brown-headed
88.8% cowbird chick
habitat patch
area subject yellow warbler
to edge effect chick
a.
b.
b: © Jeff Foott Productions
24
Conservation Techniques
Habitat Restoration
Restoration ecology seeks scientific ways to
return ecosystems to their state prior to
habitate degradation
Three Principles of restoration ecology
Begin as soon as possible before remaining
fragments are lost
Once natural history is understood, use
biological techniques to mimic natural
processes
Goal is sustainable development
25
Restoration of the Everglades
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Tampa ATLANTIC
OCEAN
Original
watershed
boundary
75
Lake
Okeechobee
95
West
Palm Beach
B
Florida panther, Puma concolor coryi
C C
Historic
Everglades
Fort
Lauderdale
Naples
75
Miami
Ten
Thousand
Islands
Everglades
National Park
Slough
T aylor
Gulf of
Mexico D American alligator, Alligator mississippiensis
Florida
Bay
0 15 30 miles
a. Location of Everglades National Park (purple)
White ibis, Eudocimus albus Roseate spoonbill, Ajaia ajaja
Wood stork, Mycteria americana
b. Wildlife in Everglades
(Panther): © Tom & Pat Leeson/Photo Researchers, Inc.; (Alligator): © Fritz Polking/Visuals Unlimited;
(Ibis): © Stephen G. Maka; 47.11(Spoonbill): © Kim Heacox/Peter Arnold, Inc.; (Stork): © Millard H. Sharp/Photo Researchers, Inc
26
Review
Conservation Biology & Biodiversity
Extinction Rates
Value of Biodiversity
Direct Value
Indirect Value
Causes of Extinction
Habitat Loss
Alien Species
Pollution
Overexploitation
Conservation Techniques
27
BIOLOGY
Chapter 47: pp. 889 - 907 10th Edition
Conservation of
Sylvia S. Mader
Biodiversity
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
bald eagle kokanee salmon ( ´1 ,000)
150 bald eagles ( ´7)
opossum shrimp (per m2)
100
Number
50
grizzly bear
0
1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989
Year
Introduction of Opossum Shirmp
kokanee salmon zooplankton
opossum shrimp
(Mysis relicta)
PowerPoint® Lecture Slides are prepared by Dr. Isaac Barjis, Biology Instructor 28
Copyright © The McGraw Hill Companies Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display
