Done by

506,519,524,526,
532,541,548,549
 A process design to treat industrial wastewater for its
reuse and safe disposal to the environment
 Influent: untreated wastewater
 Effluent: treated wastewater
 Sludge: solid part separated from waste water
 To clean industry effluent and recycle it for further use
 To reduce the usage of fresh and potable water in
industries
 To cut expenditure on water procurement
 To meet standards for emission and discharge of
environmental pollutants from various industries set
by government and avoid hefty penalties
 To safeguard environment against pollution and
contribute in sustainable development
APPROX. CONTENT OF
MICROBES IN WASTEWATER
 PHYSICAL
CHEMICAL
BIOLOGICAL
 • SCREENING
• SEDIMENTATION
PHYSICAL • CLARIFICATION

• PH CONTROL
• COAGULATION AND FLOCCULATION
• CHEMICAL PRECIPITATION AND OXIDATION
CHEMICAL

• AEROBIC PROCESS
• ANAEROBIC PROCESS
BIOLOGICAL
Sedimentation
Suspended solids (or SS), is the mass of dry solids retained by
a filter of a given porosity related to the volume of the water
sample. This includes particles 10 μm and greater.
Colloids are particles of a size between 0.001 µm and 1 µm
depending on the method of quantification.
Removal of suspended particles by sedimentation depends
upon the size and specific gravity of those particles.
Suspended solids retained on a filter may remain in
suspension if their specific gravity is similar to water while
very dense particles passing through the filter may
settle. Settleable solids are measured as the visible volume
accumulated at the bottom of an Imhoff cone after water has
settled for one hour.
Gravitational theory is employed, alongside the derivation
from Newton's second law.
Limitations:
 Time consuming process. Need other forms treatments as
well due to presents of heavy microbial load.
Coagulation and Flocculation:

In water treatment, coagulation flocculation involves the

addition of polymers that clump the small, destabilized
particles together into larger aggregates so that they can be
more easily separated from the water. Coagulation is a
chemical process that involves neutralization of charge
whereas flocculation is a physical process and does not
involve neutralization of charge. The coagulation-flocculation
process can be used as a preliminary or intermediary step
between other water or wastewater treatment processes
like filtration and sedimentation. Iron and aluminium salts
are the most widely used coagulants but salts of other metals
such as titanium and zirconium have been found to be highly
effective as well.
 Flocculation in the field of chemistry, is a process
wherein colloids come out of suspension in the
form of floc or flake, either spontaneously or due
to the addition of a clarifying agent. The action
differs from precipitation in that, prior to
flocculation, colloids are merely suspended in a
liquid and not actually dissolved in a solution. In
the flocculated system.
 Limitations:
 Coagulation itself results in the formation of floc
but flocculation is required to help the floc further
aggregate and settle. The coagulation-flocculation
process itself removes only about 60%-70%
of Natural Organic Matter (NOM) and thus, other
processes like oxidation, filtration and
sedimentation are necessary for complete raw
water or wastewater treatment.
General representation of the tank
 Dissolved air flotation (DAF) is a water treatment process
that clarifies wastewaters (or other waters) by the removal
of suspended matter such as oil or solids.
 The removal is achieved by dissolving air in the water or
wastewater under pressure and then releasing the air at
atmospheric pressure in a flotation tank basin.
 The released air forms tiny bubbles which adhere to the
suspended matter causing the suspended matter to float
to the surface of the water where it may then be removed
by a skimming device.
 Dissolved air flotation is very widely used
in treating the industrial wastewater
effluents from oil refineries,
petrochemical and chemical plants,
natural gas processing plants, paper mills,
general water treatment and similar
industrial facilities.
 A very similar process known as induced
gas flotation is also used for wastewater
treatment.
 Froth flotation is commonly used in the
processing of mineral ores.
 In the oil industry, dissolved gas flotation
(DGF) units do not use air as the flotation
medium due to the explosion risk.
 Nitrogen gas is used instead to create the
bubbles.
DAF unit with a capacity of 20
m³/h
 Modern DAF units using parallel
plate technology are quite compact.
 Biological wastewater treatment is an important
and integral step of wastewater treatment
system and it treats wastewater coming from
either residential buildings or industries etc. It is
often called as Secondary Treatment process
which is used to remove any contaminants that
left over after primary treatment. Chemical
treatment of waste water makes use of chemicals
to react with pollutants present in the
wastewater and where as biological treatment
uses microorganisms to degrade wastewater
contaminants.
 Biological treatments rely on bacteria, nematodes, or
other small organisms to break down organic wastes
using normal cellular processes. Wastewater typically
contains a buffet of organic matter, such as garbage,
wastes, and partially digested foods. It may also
contain pathogenic organisms, heavy metals, and
toxins.
 The goal of biological wastewater treatment is to
create a system in which the results of decomposition
are easily collected for proper disposal
 Biological Aerobic Treatment: Aerobic
wastewater treatment is a biological process that
takes place in the presence of oxygen. It is the rapid
and the most efficient biological waste treatment
which remove up to 98% of organic contaminants.
This process causes effective breakdown of organic
pollutants and yields a cleaner water effluent than
anaerobic treatment.
 Aerobic biological treatment processes include
many processes such as activated sludge process,
trickling filter, aerated lagoons and oxidation ponds
etc. Activated sludge process is the most widely used
process for domestic and industrial wastewater.
Aerobic biological treatment will remain efficient
and stable in all conditions.
 Biological anaerobic treatment – Anaerobic
treatment is a process where wastewater or
material is broken down by microorganisms
without the aid of dissolved oxygen. However,
anaerobic bacteria can and will use oxygen that is
found in the oxides introduced into the system or
they can obtain it from organic material within the
wastewater. Anaerobic treatment technology is
Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactor (UASB)
 All secondary treatment systems use a biological
process to break down organic matter.
Microorganisms are introduced to the wastewater
and consume the organic matter, oxygen is delivered
to the system ensuring microorganism survival.
Oxygen delivery differs among the various systems.
This biological process occurs naturally in nature,
but is accelerated in secondary treatment systems.
Typically 85% of BOD and suspended solids are
removed during this process[1]. Water exiting
secondary treatment will still carry nitrogen,
phosphorus, heavy metals, Pathogens, and bacteria.
 Once biological treatment is done, the process is
followed by trickling filters, activated sludge
process, oxidation ditches, rotating biological
contractors, aerated lagoons etc.
 Trickling Filter also known as percolating or sprinkling
filter is like a well having depth up to about 2m and filled
with some granular media. The sewage is sprinkled over
the media which percolates through filter media and is
collected through the under-drainage system.
 A modern trickling filter consists of a bed of highly
permeable media to which micro-organism are attached
and sewage percolates or trickle down and hence the name
“Trickling Filter”.
 The filter media consists of rocks varying in size from 25-
100mm. The depth of rock varies from 0.9-2.5m averaging
1.8m. A rotating arm (distributor arm) is provided to
evenly distribute sewage. The air is also provided through
under drainage system from ventilation of filters.
1. When settled sewage from primary sedimentation tank is
sprinkled intermittently over the filter bed when sewage
trickles down.
2. A microbial layer develops on the surface of rock which is
called slime layer which is mostly consist of bacteria.
3. Oxidation of the organic matter is carried out under
aerobic conditions. A bacterial film is formed around the
particles of the filtering media and for the existence of this
film oxygen is supplied by the intermittent working of the
filter and by the provision of the suitable ventilation
facilities in the body of the filter.
4. The sewage is oxidized by the bacteria producing effluent in
the form of water,gase and new cells.
 1. Conventional trickling filter or ordinary trickling filter or standard rate or
low rates trickling filter.
2. High rate or high capacity trickling filters .

1. Low Rate Filters

They are also known as standard rate or conventional rate filters. The settled sewage
is applied to the
filter bed and after trickling through it, passes through the final sedimentation tank
for removal of most of
the stabilized solids.
2. High Rate Filters
In case of high rate trickling filters the settled sewage is applied at much higher rate
than for the low rate
filter. The high rate filters of modern advancements also function on the same lines
and having the same
construction detail but with the difference that provision is made in them for
recirculation of sewage
through the filter by pumping a part of the filter effluent to the primary settling
tank (or the dosing tank or
filtering tank) and re- passing it through filter.
 Rate of Filter loading is high as required less land areas
and smaller quantities of filter media for their
installations.
 Effluent obtained from the trickling filter is sufficient
stabilized.
 Working of Trickling filter is simple and does not require
any skilled supervision.
 They are flexible in operation.
 They are self cleaning
 Mechanical wear and tear is small as they contain less
mechanical equipment.
 The beds loss through these filters is high.
 Construction cost is high
 These filters cannot treat raw sewage and primary
sedimentation is must.
 Fly nuisance and odor nuisance may prevail.
 The secondary wastewater treatment is required to
remove the soluble
 The detectors used to perform dissolved oxygen (DO)
measurement in oxidation ditch type sewage treatment
plants tend to become dirty quickly and require
frequent cleaning.
 It has been difficult to remedy this problem
inexpensively. One solution that significantly reduces
the sensor maintenance workload is the use of float
holders.
 A field test using float holders on the detectors in the
DO402 dissolved oxygen analyzer system has
demonstrated that the sensors could be kept free of
heavy dirt accumulation, eliminating the need for
maintenance and enabling continuous measurement
for long periods of time.
1. The oxidation ditch process is a fully demonstrated secondary
wastewater treatment technology, applicable in any situation where
activated sludge treatment (conventional or extended aeration) is
appropriate.
2. Oxidation ditches are applicable in plants that require nitrification
because the basins can be sized using an appropriate SRT to achieve
nitrification at the mixed liquor minimum temperature.
3. This technology is very effective in small installations, small
communities, and isolated institutions, because it requires more
land than Conventional treatment plants.
4. The oxidation process originated in the Netherlands , with the first
full scale plant installed in Voorschoten, Holland, in 1954. There are
currently more than 9,200 municipal oxidation ditch installations in
the United States (WEF, 1998).
5. Nitrification to less than 1 mg/L ammonia nitrogen consistently
occurs when ditches are designed and Operated for nitrogen level.
 The main advantage of the oxidation ditch is theability
to achieve removal performance objectiveswith low
operational requirements and operationand
maintenance costs.
 Long hydraulic retention time and completemixing
minimize the impact of a shock load or hydraulic surge.
 Produces less sludge than other biological treatment
processes owing to extended biological activity during
the activated sludge process.
 Energy efficient operations result in reducedenergy
costs compared with other biological treatment process.
 Effluent suspended solids concentrations arerelatively
high compared to othermodifications of the activated
sludge process.
 Requires a larger land area than otheractivated sludge
treatment options. This canprove costly, limiting the
feasibility ofoxidation ditches in urban, suburban, or
otherareas where land acquisition costs are relatively
high.
 The activated sludge process is a process for treating
sewage and industrial waste water using air and a
biological floc composed of bacteria and protozoa.
 The main propose of this process is to oxidising
carbonaceous biological matter, oxidizing nitrogen
matter, mainly ammonium and nitrogen in biological
matter, removing nutrients
 The Activated Sludge Process (ASP) is a sewage
treatment process in which air or oxygen is blown into raw,
unsettled sewage to smash the solids and develop a
biological 'soup' which digests the organic content and
pollutants in the sewage.
 These plants do not have a primary settlement chamber
which is the chamber that needs emptying by tanker on a
regular basis with most three stage sewage treatment
plants.
 In all activated sludge plants, once the sewage has been
'bubbled' long enough, excess sewage liquor is discharged
into a clarification chamber where live bacteria settle to the
bottom, dead bacteria rise to the top and form a crust with
a clear liquid in the middle.
 This clean water is then discharged into either a water-
course or a soak-away.
 The live bacteria, called activated bacterial sludge, are
returned to the digestion chamber to re-seed the new
raw sewage entering the tank and the dead bacterial
crust is removed either by the homeowner or a service
engineer on a regular basis.
 Activated sludge is different from the smelly anerobic
sludge that you have to remove from the primary
settlement chambers of other types of sewage
treatment plants and septic tanks in that this sludge
contains many living organisms which can feed on the
incoming wastewater. It is also odourless.
 Capable of removing 97% of suspended solids
 Biological nutri-fication without adding chemicals
 Biological phosphorous removal
 Solids and liquid separation
 Easily maintained mechanical work
 Operation cost is high
 Temperature changes affect the tank greatly
 This process is sensitive to certain industrial wastes
 Sludge disposal is required on large scale
 Biological treatment process
 Consists of a stack of rotating discs mounted on a
horizontal shaft
 Slowly rotating discs
 Partially submerged in wastewater
 Surface turbulence is created by rotation of discs
 Oxygen is transferred to wastewater
 Aerobic breakdown of organic matter
An aerated lagoon (or aerated pond) is a
simple wastewater treatment system consisting of
a pond with artificial aeration to promote the
biological oxidation of wastewaters.
The use of oxygen(or air) and microbial action to
reduce the pollutants in wastewaters.
Types
•Suspension mixed lagoons, where there is
less energy provided by the aeration
equipment to keep the sludge in suspension.
•Facultative lagoons, where there is
insufficient energy provided by the aeration
equipment to keep the sludge in suspension
and solids settle to the lagoon floor. The
biodegradable solids in the settled sludge then
degrade as in an anaerobic lagoon.
Suspension mixed lagoons
Suspension mixed lagoons flow through activated
sludge systems where the effluent has the same composition
as the mixed liquor in the lagoon. Typically the sludge will
have a residence time or sludge age of 1 to 5 days. This
means that the chemical oxygen demand(COD) removed is
relatively little and the effluent is therefore unacceptable for
discharge into receiving waters. The objective of the lagoon is
therefore to act as a biologically assisted flocculator which
converts the soluble biodegradable organics in the influent to
a biomass which is able to settle as a sludge. Usually the
effluent is then put in a second pond where the sludge can
settle. The effluent can then be removed from the top with a
low COD, while the sludge accumulates on the floor and
undergoes anaerobic stabilisation.
Methods of aerating lagoons or basins
There are many methods for aerating a lagoon or basin:
•Motor-driven submerged or floating jet aerators
•Motor-driven floating surface aerators
•Motor-driven fixed-in-place surface aerators
•Injection of compressed air through submerged diffusers

FLOATING SURFACE AERATORS

Ponds or basins using floating surface aerators achieve 80 to
90% removal of BOD with retention times of 1 to 10 [Link]
ponds or basins may range in depth from 1.5 to 5.0 metres.
In a surface-aerated system, the aerators provide two functions:
they transfer air into the basins required by the biological
oxidation reactions, and they provide the mixing required for
dispersing the air and for contacting the reactants (that is,
oxygen, wastewater and microbes).
Typically, the floating high speed surface aerators are rated to
deliver the amount of air equivalent to 1 to 1.2 kg O2/kWh.
However, they do not provide as good mixing as is normally
achieved in activated sludge systems and therefore aerated
basins do not achieve the same performance level as activated
sludge units.
With low speed surface aerators SOTE (Standard Oxygen
Transfer Efficiency) is higher thanks to better mixing capacity.
This mixing capacity of an impeller depends highly on the
impeller diameter. Low speed surface aerator present such
high diameter. Therefore SOTE for low speed surface aerators
is about 2 to 2.5 kg O2/kWh. This is why low speed surface
aerators are mostly used in sewage or industrial treatment as
WWTP are bigger and sparing energy are very interesting.
Biological oxidation processes are sensitive to temperature
and, between 0 °C and 40 °C, the rate of biological reactions
increase with temperature.
Most surface aerated vessels operate at between 4
°C and 32 °C.
Submerged diffused aeration
Submerged diffused air is essentially a form of
a diffuser grid inside a lagoon. There are two main
types of submerged diffused aeration systems for
lagoon applications: floating lateral and submerged
lateral. Both these systems utilize fine or medium
bubble diffusers to provide aeration and mixing to the
process water. The diffusers can be suspended
slightly above the lagoon floor or may rest on the
bottom. Flexible airline or weighted air hose supplies
air to the diffuser unit from the air lateral (either
floating or submerged).
 Tertiary treatment is the final cleaning process that
improves wastewater quality before it is reused,
recycled or discharged to the environment.
 The treatment removes remaining inorganic
compounds, and substances, such as the nitrogen
and phosphorus.
 Tertiary filters are for filtering the liquid sewages from
the secondary wastewater treatment system
 It provides additional removal of suspended solids and
further reduction of the biochemical oxygen demand
 Filtering takes place in two parallel flow filter cells.
1. Contains anthracite (Coal that contains carbon)
2. Layers of sand (sand filtration)
 Suspended particulates are removed from water by flowing the
water through granular filter media at a high rate
 The solids are removed within depth of the granular material
 Filtered water is removed from the filter through an under-drain
system
B) BACKWASHING PROCESS
 Cleaning the filter media is done with an up flow water wash
 Air scour ensures through cleaning, volume of the water above
the filter bed increases to just above the edge of the waste gullet
 Dirt is flushed out of the media and captured via water over flow
into waste gullet
 Dirty backwash water is evacuated from the filter for recovery.
1. ULTRAVIOLET DISINFECTION EQUIPMENT
 Uv irradiation can be used for purposes in water treatment
 Uv is used for the removal of organic and inorganic
chemicals, including chlorine, cholramines, ozone and
total organic carbon (TOC)
 * improves disinfection efficacy
 Reduces environment, health and safety risks
 Eliminates formation of disinfection by – products
 Does not alter aesthetic qualities other the water
 Eliminates any concerns with “over dosing”
 Reverse osmosis removes many types of large
molecules and ions from effluents by applying
pressure to the effluents when it is on one side of a
selective membrane
 RO is used to remove specific dissolved organic
constituents from waste water remaining after
advanced treatment with depth filtration
 RO system can operate at 90 % efficiency
 Normally pressure of 5-8 mp is used to practice.