Vitamins and Microelements
Introduction
Definition
organic substances , essential in the
diet in small amounts that are involved in
fundamental functions of the body
Classification
lipid-soluble vitamin
water-soluble vitamin
14 Essential Vitamins For Human Being
vitamins
water -soluble lipid-soluble
Vit C Vit B A,D,E,K
B1, B2, B6, B12, PP, patothenic acid，
folic acid,biotin ,lipoic acid
Section I
Lipid-soluble Vitamins
Common features
﹡nonpolar (hydrophobic) isoprene derivative
﹡poorly soluble in water，but good in fat and fat solvents
﹡existing with the lipids in food products and absorbing with the
lipids
﹡ specifically binding to lipoprotein and certain binding-protein
in blood and transportation
Classification:
VitA, VitD, VitE, VitK
Vitamin A
Chemical nature and properties
﹡natural form：A1（retinol）
A2（3-dehydro-retinol ）
﹡active form ：retinol、retinal、retinoic acid
﹡pro-vitamin A：β-carotene
﹡storage and transportation: liver, RBP+PA
CRBP
biochemical function and deficiency
biochemical function
＊Photographic substances in visual cell
＊participating synthesis of glycoprotein and maintaining
differentiation of epithelial cells
＊other function，e.g. affecting cell differentiation
Deficiency
night blindness,dry eyes ，dry skin,etc
FOOD
Synthesis and decomposition of Rhodopsin
and relation to retinal
rhodipsin
darkness light
opsin
(retina)
11- 11-cis retinal All trans retinal
isomerase
Retinal reductase
isomerase
11-cis retinol All trans retinol
(liver)
Vitamin D
Chemical nature and properties
﹡types：VitD2（Ergocalciferol）
VitD3（Cholecalciferol ）
﹡pro-VitD2：Ergosterol
Pro-VitD3： 7-hydro-cholesterol
Ergosterol→VitD2
cholesterol→7-hydro cholesterol→VitD3
﹡active form of VitD3： 1, 25- (OH)2-VitD3
transportation: DBP
OH
OH
Conversion in the body
vitamin D3 Liver 25-hydroxylase
25-OH-vitamin D3
（Cholecalciferol） （25-OH-cholecalciferol）
1α-hydroxylase in
24-hydroxylase in
kidney,bone, kidney,
placental bone,placental and
cartilage
1, 25- (OH)2-VitD3 24, 25- (OH)2-VitD3
（24, 25- (OH)2- Cholecalciferol ）
（1, 25-(OH)2- Cholecalciferol ）
biochemical function and deficiency
Biochemical function
Targeting on intestinal mucous、kidney andrenal tubular，
Promoting absorbance of calcium and phosphor，
Being beneficial to formation and calcification of new bone
Deficiency
children—— rickets
adults——osteomalacia
Vitamin E
（Tocopherol）
Chemical nature and properties
﹡types：Tocopherol ，Tocotrienols
﹡easy to be oxidized; protector of other
substances
biochemical function and deficiency
anti-oxidation
Vitamin E: antioxidant
ROO· RH ROOH R·
（Peroxide free radical ） （polyunsaturated fatty acids ）（organic peroxide ）（organic free radical）
R· O2 ROO·
ROO·+Vit E-OHROOHVit E-O·
Maintaining reproduction
Promoting metabolism of Hb
(- amino-- levulinate synthase ALA)
Vitamin K
Chemical nature and properties
Natural form：K1、K2(2-methyl-1-4-
naphthoquinone)
Artificial synthesis ：K3、K4
transportation: lipoprotein, liver storage
biochemical function and deficiency
biochemical function
Maintaining the normal levels of coagulation factor
Ⅱ、Ⅶ 、 Ⅸ andⅩ
cofactor of the carboxylase:
deficiency : hemorrhagic disease
Summary
A D E K
Chemical 20碳含B白 类固 异戊烯侧链
苯并二
芷酮环的多 醇衍
structue 氢砒喃 奈醌化合物
烯烃一元醇 生物 衍生物
Active retinal， 1，25-
form 3-dehydro-retinol， OH)2
retinoic acid
-D3
Physiological Photographic Regulation
substances in visual cell Reproduction
of Co-enzyme
function normal growth of Anti-oxidation of r-
metabolism
epithelial cells antitumor， of calcium carboxylase
And aging
antioxidation and
phosphor
Section Ⅱ
Water-soluble Vitamins
Common features:
﹡water soluble，easy to be discharged through urine
﹡not easy to be stored in the body，requiring diet
inception
Classification
Vitamin B family
Vitamin C
Vitamin B1
(thiamine )
Chemical nature and properties
﹡vitamin B1: thiamine
﹡active form :Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP):
+
N CH2 N CH3 O O
H3C NH2 HC CH2 CH2 O P O P OH
N S
OH OH
Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP)
biochemical function and deficiency
biochemical function
﹡TPP:co-enzyme of oxidative decarboxylation of
α–keto acids and transketolase
﹡ with effects in the nerve conduction，inhibiting
the cholinesterase activity
deficiency
﹡beriberi，peripheral Neuritis
The Process of Aerobic Oxidation of Carbohydrates
G（Gn）
Stage 1 ：glycolysis pathway cytosol
Stage 2： oxidative decarxylation of pyruvate
pyruvate
Stage 3：TAC cycle acetyl CoA
Stage 4：oxidative phosphorylation mitochondria
TAC cycle
[O] CO2
H2O NADH+H+
FADH2
ATP ADP
（一）oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate
NAD+ , HSCoA CO2 , NADH + H+
pyruvate
acetyl CoA
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase complex
Components of Pyruvate Dehydrogenase HSCoA
complex
NAD+
enzyme
co-enzyme
E1： Pyruvate Dehydrogenase TPP
E2：Dehydrolipoyl Transacetylase S
Lipoic acid（
L )
HSCoA S
E3：Dehydrolipoyl Dehydrogenase
FAD, NAD+
1. -羟乙基-TPP的生成
CO2
2.乙酰硫辛酰
胺的生成
NADH+H+
5. NADH+H+
的生成
NAD+
CoASH
3.乙酰CoA
的生成
4. 硫辛酰胺的生成
Vitamin B2
(riboflavin)
Chemical nature and properties
﹡vitamin B2: riboflavin
﹡ active form : mononucleotide (FMN)
flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD):
NH2
N
O O N
H2C O P O P O CH 3 N
O
HCOH OH OH
HCOH
HCOH
CH 3 OH OH
H3C N N
O
C
Ⅲ Ⅱ Ⅰ
NH
H3C N C
O
Vit B2
FMN AMP
FAD
FMN：
6、7-dimethyl-isoalloxazine
ribotol
Phosphoric acid
FAD
6、7-dimethyl-isoalloxazine adenine
ribotol ribose
Phosphoric acid Phosphoric acid
biochemical function and deficiency
biochemical function ：
FMN and FAD are the prosthetic group of
oxidoreductases with function of transmitting hydrogen
deficiency：cheilosis ，glossitis, scrotitis etc.
Vitamin B3
(nicotin acid, nicotinamid, Vitamin PP)
Chemical nature and properties
﹡vitamin PP:
nicotinic acid
nicotinamide
﹡active form
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+)
NAD+ , R: H OH
NADP+, R: P O
OH
NAD+ and NADP+
nicotinamide adenine
ribose ribose-（ Phosphoric acid ）
Phosphoric acid Phosphoric acid
biochemical function and deficiency
biochemical function
﹡NAD+ and NADP+: coenzyme of dehydrogenases
（Malate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase),
transfer of hydrogen 。
deficiency
﹡pellagra
Vitamin B6
(pyridine derivatives)
Chemical nature and properties
﹡vitamin B6: pyridoxine
pyridoxal
pyridoxamine
﹡active form : Pyridoxal-Phosphate
pyridoxamine-Phosphate
biochemical function and deficiency
﹡Pyridoxal-Phosphate
Coenzyme of amino acid aminotransferase,
decarboxyIase, and - amino-- levulinate
synthase （ALA synthase）
Vitamin B5
(pantothenic acid)
Chemical nature and properties
﹡pantothenic acid
﹡active form : CoA
4-phosphopantetheinyl : acyl carrier protein (ACP)
biochemical function and deficiency
﹡CoA and 4-phosphopantetheinyl are coenzyme of
acyl transferase ，transfer of acyl
Biotin
生化作用
Biochemocal function
Biotin: co-enzyme of carboxylase（pyruvate carboxylase）
O Binding to ε- amino
Binding to carboxyl to residue of lysine to form
Form Carboxyl biotin biocytin
HN NH
CH HC
H2C CH (CH2)4 COOH
S
Folic acid
Chemical nature and properties
﹡folic acid: Pteroylglutamic acid
﹡active form: tetrahydrofolate (FH4)
Pteroylglutamic acid
FH2 reductase FH2 reductase
Folic acid FH2 FH4
NADPH+H+ NADP+ NADPH+H+ NADP+
H
N N
1 8 7
H2N
O
N CH CH2 NH C NH CH (CH 2)2 COOH
3 6 9 10
N HOOC
HO H
5
5, 6, 7, 8-FH4
目录
biochemical function and deficiency
biochemical function ：
FH4 : co-enzyme of transferase of one carbon unit
deficiency : Megaloblastic anemia
clinical application: Antitumor drug
Vitamin B12
(cobalamin)
Chemical nature and properties
vitamin B12: coholamine
active form: coholamine
5 -deoxyadenosylcobalamin
R：-CH3
coholamine
R：5`-deoxyadenosine
5`- deoxyadenosylcobalamin
biochemical function and deficiency
﹡biochemical function ：methyl transfer
﹡deficiency：Megaloblastic anemia , nerve
disease , High blood level of homocysteine
Vitamin C
(ascorbic acid)
Chemical nature and properties
﹡vitamin C: ascorbic acid
O O
C 14
C 14
HO C O C
O £ 2H O
HO C O C
£«2H
H C H C
HO CH HO CH
H2C OH H2C OH
Vitamin C Dehydro-vitaminC
biochemical function and deficiency
﹡biochemical function：redox reaction,
hydroxylation ,
synthesis of collagen protein ，
absorbance of ferralia
﹡deficiency：scurvy
α-Lipoic acid
CH2 S CH2 SH
H2C H2C
CH S CH SH
£ 2H
(CH2)4 £«2H (CH2)4
HOOC HOOC
Oxidize type Reduce type
biochemical function and deficiency
cooperating with TPP to participate oxidative
decarboxylation of pyruvic acid 、α–keto acid;
coenzyme of lipoic acid acetyl transferase
Summary
生理
Name Form of coezyme Function Deficiency
vitamin B1 co-enzyme of oxidative
TPP decarboxylation of α–
thiamine TPP keto acids and beriberi
transketolase
Vitamin B2, FAD coenzyme of
rioflavin Cheilosis
FMN flavin
dehydrogenase glossitis
尼克酰胺腺嘌呤 Coenzyme of
Vitamin PP NAD dehydrogenase ， pellagra
transfer of hydrogen
NADP
Form of coezyme Deficiency
Name Function
Coenzyme of
Vitamin B6 Pyridoxal- aminotransfera
Phosphate se,amino
carrier amino
CoA Acetyl transfer
pantothenic
acid
co-enzyme of
biotin Antibiotin
carboxylase
carrier of CO2 protein
Form of coezyme Function Deficiency
name
Folic acid 四FH4) Carrier of one Megaloblastic
carbon unit anemia
Vitamin Coholamine Megaloblastic
5 - methyl
B12 deoxyadenosylcob transfer anemia
alamin
Vitamin C ascorbic hydroxylation scurvy
acid
（reduce）
α-Lipoic
acid
SUMMARY
1. Vitamins are all organic nutrients with various
essential metabolic functions, required in small
amounts in the diet because they cannot be
synthesized by the body
2. Apart from vitamin C, the water-soluble vitamins
are all members of the B complex and act as
enzyme cofactors
3. Thiamin is a cofactor in oxidative decarboxytion of
a-keto acids and of an important enzyme the
pentose phosphate pathway, transketolase
4. Riboflavin and niacin are each important
cofactors in oxidoreduction reactions. Riboflavin
is present as prosthetic groups in flavoprotein
enzymes flavin mononucleotide and flavin
adenine dirnucleotide, whereas niacin is present
in the NAD and NADP cofactors of many
dehydrogenase enzymes.
5. Pantothenic acid is present in coenzyme A and
acyl carrier protein, which act as carriers for a
groups in many important reactions, whereas
pydoxal phosphate is the coenzyme for several
enzyme of amino acid metabolism including the
transaminases.
[Link] is the coenzyme for several carboxylase
enzymes, including acetyl-CoA carboxylase, the rate
controlling enzyme in lipogenesis, and pyruvate
carboxylase, important in gluconeogenesis.
7. As well as having separate functions, vitamine B12 and
folic acid take part in providing one-carbon residues
for nucleic acid synthesis.
[Link] acid is a water-soluble antioxidant that
maintains many metal cofactors in the reduced state
9. Absence of the water-soluble vitamins from the diet
provokes multiple deficiency states. Absence a single
vitamin leads to a characteristic deficiency syndrome.
10 .The lipid-soluble vitamine have the common
features of being apolar, hydrophobic molecules
and also of being isoprene derivatives. They all
require normal fat absorption to be occurring for
efficient absorption, and if this mechanism is
defective, deficiency symptoms are likely to occur.
11. Vitamin A (retinol) is represented not only as such
in the diet but also by the provitamin (P-carotene)
in plants. Retinol and retinoic acid are considered
to act by controlling gene expression, whereas
retinal is utilized in vision and has a role in
glycoprotein synthesis.
12. Vitamin D is a steroid prohormone whose activity
is carried out by its hormone derivative.
It is utilized in the regulation of calcium and
phosphate metabolism, and its omission from
the diet leads to rickets and osteomalacia.
13. Vitamin E (tocopherol) is the most important
antioxidant in the body, acting in the lipid phase
of membranes throughout the cell. It protect the
effects of toxic radicals such as the peroxyl
radical, mainly as a breaker of free- radical chain
reactions.
14. Vitamin K is needed for the synthesis blood clotting
factors (eg, II, VII, IX, and X), as a cofactor to a
carboxylase that acts mate residues of clotting factor
precursor enable them to chelate calcium.
vitamin K regeneration cycle by dicumarol pounds
is the basis for their anticoagulanproperties.
Section III
Microelement
Concept
The elements in one human body that amounts
required for each day is less than 100 mg
calssification
ion 、 iodine 、 copper 、 zinc 、 manganese 、
selenium 、 fluorin 、 molybdenum 、 cobalt 、
chrome, etc。
选择题练习
维生素
1. 没有五元环结构的维生素是（ ）
A. 硫胺素
B. 生物素
C. 叶酸
D. 维生素D
E. 钴胺素
2. 参与固定CO2的是（ ）
A. 硫胺素
B. 生物素
C. 维生素C
D. 维生素D
E. 维生素A
3. 维生素D的生化作用是( )
A. 促进钙、磷吸收
B. 促进钙、磷排泄
C. 降低钙、磷吸收
D. 降低钙、磷排泄
E. 促进胃对钙、磷吸收
4. 在体内无抗氧化作用的维生素是( )
A. 维生素A
B. 维生素E
C. 维生素C
D. 维生素K
E. 硫辛酸
5. 缺乏维生素K时,可引起( )
A. 凝血因子合成不受影响
B. 凝血因子合成增加
C. 凝血时间正常
D. 凝血时间延长
E. 凝血时间缩短
6. Which one doesn’t contain vitamine?
A. FMN
B. FAD
C. CoQ
D. CoASH
E. NAD+
7. 下列哪种维生素缺乏会引起坏血病？
A. 硫胺素
B. 核黄素
C. 硫辛酸
D. 维生素C
E. 泛酸
8. 与一碳单位代谢有关的维生素有( )
A. 维生素B2
B. 维生素B12
C. 维生素B6
D. 生物素
E. 叶酸
9. Which vitamine join in composition
of coenzyme or prosthetic group?
A. Vitamine C
B. Vitamine D
C. Vitamine B2
D. Vitamine B6
E. Folic acid
10. 具有维生素A活性的物质包括（ ）
A 视黄醇
B 视黄醛
C 视黄酸
D -胡萝卜素
E 玉米黄素
11. 下列关于维生素的叙述正确的是( )
A 维生素是构成组织细胞成分之一
B 根据化学结构和性质分类
C 全部由食物供给
D 是一类需要量很大的物质
E 有些溶于水,有些溶于脂肪
12. 自然界黄红色植物中含维生素A的前体最主要的
是( )
A α-胡萝卜素
B -胡萝卜素
C -胡萝卜素
D 视黄醛
E 玉米黄素
13. Night-blindness is due to lack of ( )
A Vitamin C
B Vitamin E
C lactoflavin
D vitamine A
E vitamine D
14. The active form of vitamine D is ( )
A 1,24-(OH)2-VD3
B 1,25-(OH)2-VD3
C 24,25-(OH)2-VD3
D 25-(OH)-VD3
E 24-OH-VD3
15. 维生素D缺乏时可引起( )
A 痛风症
B 呆小症
C 夜盲症
D 干眼病
E 佝偻病
16. 经常晒太阳不致缺乏的维生素是( )
A 维生素C
B 维生素A
C 维生素B6
D 维生素B12
E 维生素D
17. 下列哪种辅酶中不含核苷酸?
A FAD
B CoASH
C FH4
D NADP+
E FMN
18. 与生物素有关的代谢反应有( )
A 丙酮酸羧化生成草酰乙酸
B 氨基酸脱羧反应
C 一碳基团的转移
D 乙酰CoA转变成丙二酰CoA
19. 硫辛酸的作用( )
A 抗脂肪肝作用
B 降低胆固醇作用
C 对巯基酶有保护作用
D 易进行氧化还原反应
E 是酰基转移酶的辅酶
20. 在体内可转变为维生素的有( )
A -胡萝卜素
B 7-脱氢胆固醇
C 色氨酸
D 麦角固醇
E 古咯糖酸内酯
论述题：
试述维生素A缺乏时，为什么会患夜盲症？
