Introduction To Direct Current

Motors/ Generators
Topics to Cover: Motors Topics to Cover: Generators
Sec 9.1 Introduction to DC Motors
Sec 9.2 The Equivalent circuit of a DC Sec 9.1 Introduction to DC Generator
Motor Sec: 9.12 Separately Excited DC G/R
Sec 9.3 The Magnetization Curve of a Sections 9.13 The Shunt DC Generator
DC Machine
Sections 9.14 The Series DC
Sec: 9.4 Separately Excited and Shunt Generator
Excited DC Motor Sections 9.15 The Cumulative
Speed Control of Shunt DC Motor Compound DC Generator
Sec 9.6 The Series DC Motor
Sec 9.7 The Compound DC Motor
Sec 9.10 DC Motor Efficiency
Calculations NOTE: Some topics are covered in
NOTE: Some topics are covered in slides and some on whiteboard in
slides and some on whiteboard in class, do the remaining by yourself
class, do the remaining by yourself form book as they are similar.
form book as they are similar.
 Classification of Generators
Motors

Alternating Current Direct Current

(AC) (DC)
Motors
Generators Generators
Motors

Induction Separately Self

Synchronous
Excited Excited

Single Three
Phase Phase Shunt Series Compound
Split Phase
Capacitor Squirrel
Wound
Shaded Pole Cage
 DC Motor/ Generator

DC Motors are compared by their: DC Generator are compared by their

• SPEED • VOLTAGE
• POWER RATINGS • POWER RATINGS
• EFFCIENCIES • EFFCIENCIES
• SPEED REGULATIONS • VOLTAGE REGULATIONS

NL  FL VNL  VFL

Speed Re gulation  Voltage Re gulation 
FL VFL

Assume the Motors are run Assume the Generators are are
from a constant source run from a constant Speed
(VT), unless voltage change source called Prime Mover,
is specified unless speed change is specified
 Motor Generator
IF IA= IL Separately IF IA= IL
+ +
& +
RA
VT RA
VT L
- EA - shunt - EA

M/R & G/R

VT
T VT=EA±IARA IARA

EA=K & Armature

reaction AR)

T=KIA

IAIL P=T Rated

IL

IA= IL=IF
IA= IL=IF VT RA
  -  ind
RA
+ K (K) 2 RA
VT RL
VT EA
EA -
VT = E A ± I A (R A + R S )
Tm EA
T=KIA   (IF=IA) T  K' I2A EA=K Drop due to:
IA(RA+RS) &
High starting
Never startedtorque
wthout load P=T
WHY ? Armature reaction AR)

T  K' I2A
VT 1 R A R s
  -
start ind
I =I =I K c  ind Kc
I =I =I
 Separately and Self (Shunt) Excited DC Motors

Fig: 9-17(a) Self Excited DC Motor

Fig: 9-17(b) Separately Excited

DC Motor
 Page (539) Terminal characteristics of a shunt motor

• Plot of the output quantities (Speed vs. Torque).

• If: load↑, ω ↓, EA ↓, IA ↑, ind ↑, ω↑ HOW

MUCH
(ω1< ω0)

E A = KΦω IA =
VT E A τind = KΦ?I
A
RA

VT RA
ω= - 2 τ ind
KΦ (KΦ)
 Note: This example will make clear the concept of How the
Example from page # 548
torque increases when flux decrease current increases
Figure shows a shunt DC motor with internal resistance of 0.25. It is currently
operating with terminal voltage of 250 V and internal generated voltage of 245 V. What
happens in this motor if there is a 1% decrease in flux?
IF IL
IA
RF=0.25
RA +
LF -V
EA=245V
T=250V

VT E A 250 245
IA    20 Amps
RA 0.25
As EA=K 1% decrease in  EA must decrease by 1% too
EA will drop EA2 = 0.99EA1 =0.99(245V)=242.55V
250 242 .55
Armature current must rise then rise to   29 .8 Amps
0.25

OBSERVATION: Thus 1% decrease in flux produced a 49% increase in armature current.

Tind = K IA ; IA increases by 49%.as Tind> Tload the motor speeds up till Tind = Tload.
 (Page#547)Speed control of Shunt DC Motor

Adjusting to Inserting R (Adding)

Adjusting RF (F)
Low VT in Armature
Low IF

Assume VT= constant: Assume IF= constant Assume IF & VT are

Control Speed Above Control Speed Below constant Control
BASE BASE Speed Below BASE
 VT RA
RF IF    - ind
K (K ) 2

EA=K 
VT  E A Self:
IA 
RA
Example 9-3 (Page # 555)
T=K IA
 Separately & shunt Generator

VT =EA -IARA IF IA= IL

VT
+
EA=K IARA -
RA
EA
VT L

T=KIA & Armature

reaction AR)
Pin=T

Pout=VTIL
IL
Pout=Pin-Losses Rated
IA= IL=IF
Pout=Pin-Losses
RA
EA
VT RL
VTIL
Efficiency 
VTIL  I2R A  Core Losses
EA
Drop due to:
VT  E A  IA (R A  RS ) IA(RA+RS) &
Armature reaction AR)
EA=K
Series G/R is used for
Pin=T welding and Traction
I =I =I
(P#597) Control of Terminal Voltage of the DC Generator

VT = EA - IARA VT

IARA
EA=K & Armature
reaction AR)
VT = K - IARA
Control of Terminal
Voltage (VT) ? IL
Rated
(a) Change speed of rotation of the prime mover ()
(b) Change the field flux () by changing the filed
resistance If
(P#597) Control of Terminal Voltage of the DC Generator

VT No- Load Line

Rated Current
Line
VT = EA – IA RA
I AR A
Control of Terminal & Armature
Voltage (VT) ? reaction AR)

Increase Load (IL)

EA = K   Decrease Terminal
Voltage

VT = K - IARA
ILL
Rated

(a) Change  speed of rotation of the prime mover

(b) Change the field flux () by changing the filed
resistance If
 (Page 603) Voltage Buildup in a Shunt Generator

• Voltage Buildup in a DC Shunt Generator depends on the presence of

residual (magnetism) flux in the poles of the generator.

• At start, without load the generator develops terminal voltage EA=Kres .

• EA=Kres this terminal voltage is few volts.

• EA=Kres this terminal voltage develops field current (IF).

•  IF=  VT / RF.
•  IF=  VT / RF; This field current produces MMF in the poles .
• MMF (NIF) increases the flux in the poles

•  EA=K   (residual + Filed Flux due to IF)

•  VT =  EA+IARA

•  VT further increases  IF=  VT / RF.

FAILS TO BUILD UP ?
Example (see example 9-4 page 558)
When a dc generator is being driven at 1200 RPM, the generated emf (Eb)is 125 V.
What will be the generated emf if the:
(a) field flux () is decreased by 10% with the speed remaining unchanged ,and
(b) speed ()is reduced to 1100 RPM ,the field flux remaining unchanged ?

EA=K’n

Solution: (a) E A1 = Kφ1n1 , Wb

E1
E1=125 E A 2 = Kφ 2 n 2
E2
1 1 E A1 Kφ1n1
=
2 .9*1 E A 2 Kφ 2 n 2

E2=E1*2/10.9*E1  112.5 Volts

F, A. turns
IF

(b) N1 = 1200 RPM

N2 = 1100 RPM
E2 = E1*N2/N1= 114.5833 Volts
Problem
9-8

From the magnetization curve

IF would produce an EAO= 271 Volts

At a speed of no= 1200 rpm

Therefore, the speed n with a voltage of 240 V
would be

EA n EA
= ⇒n = nO
E AO n O E AO
 Assignment-No.7

Problems: 9-1 to 9-6, 9-10, 9-13

(Submit on: Monday, 29th April, 2019)

IMPORTANT NOTE

Solve all Examples and End Problems for practice

 , Wb
(Page#537) 9.3 The Magnetization Curve of a DC Machine
Motors & Generators are
Saturation Point designed to operate near the
saturation point: Why ?
Magnetomotive Force Ŧ = NFIF
EA=K

F, A. turns EA   [=Constant]
Figure 9-3 EA ? IF are related ?
The magnetization curve of a ferromagnetic material  verses Ŧ

EA[K]

 = 0

n = n0 (Constant)

IF

Figure 9-4
The magnetization curve of a dc machine expressed as a plot of EA verses IF, for a fixed speed 0
Greater current in the armature conductors would give a stronger
interaction with the:

• Main magnetic field

• More turning force would cause the motor to accelerate

• The frictional torque due to the bearings increases as speed increases

• Eventually the increased torque of the armature would match the

increased friction and the motor speed would settle at the higher level
Using stronger magnets has the following effects:

• A greater force will be on each of the conductors in the armature

• More force means greater turning leverage or torque

• Because the frictional torque in the bearings of the motor is quite small
the greater torque due to the magnets will cause the motor to
accelerate until its power output matches that needed to overcome
friction.
Watch the running motor (Sparking at Carbon Brushes)

Armature Reaction Effect (Effect: Voltage Drop)

END OF CHAPTER 9

NEXT CHAPTER 4
AC Machinery
Fundamentals