If Control Construct
A mechanism for deciding whether an
action should be taken
JPC and JWD © 2002 McGraw-Hill, Inc.
1
Boolean Algebra
Logical expressions have the one of two values - true or false
A rectangle has three sides
The instructor has a pleasant smile
The branch of mathematics is called Boolean algebra
Developed by the British mathematician George Boole in the
19th century
Three key logical operators
And
Or
Not
Boolean Algebra
Truth tables
Lists all combinations of operand values and the result of
the operation for each combination
Example
P Q P and Q
False False False
False True False
True False False
True True True
Boolean Algebra
Or truth table
P Q P or Q
False False False
False True True
True False True
True True True
Boolean Algebra
Not truth table
P not P
False True
True False
Boolean Algebra
Can create complex logical expressions by combining simple
logical expressions
Example
not (P and Q)
A truth table can be used to determine when a logical
expression is true
P Q P and Q not (P and Q)
False False False True
False True False True
True False False True
True True True False
A Boolean Type
C++ contains a type named bool
Type bool has two symbolic constants
true
false
Boolean operators
The and operator is &&
The or operator is ||
The not operator is !
Warning
& and | are also operators so be careful what you type
A Boolean Type
Example logical expressions
bool P = true;
bool Q = false;
bool R = true;
bool S = (P && Q);
bool T = ((!Q) || R);
bool U = !(R && (!Q));
Relational Operators
Equality operators
==
!=
Examples
int i = 32;
int k = 45;
bool q = (i == k);
bool r = (i != k);
Relational Operators
Ordering operators
<
>
>=
<=
Examples
int i = 5;
int k = 12;
bool p = (i < 10);
bool q = (k > i);
bool r = (i >= k);
bool s = (k <= 12);
Operator Precedence Revisited
Precedence of operators (from highest to lowest)
Parentheses
Unary operators
Multiplicative operators
Additive operators
Relational ordering
Relational equality
Logical and
Logical or
Assignment
Operator Precedence Revisited
Consider
5 * 15 + 4 == 13 && 12 < 19 || !false == 5 < 24
Operator Precedence Revisited
Consider
5 * 15 + 4 == 13 && 12 < 19 || !false == 5 < 24
Yuck! Do not write expressions like this!
Operator Precedence Revisited
Consider
5 * 15 + 4 == 13 && 12 < 19 || !false == 5 < 24
However, for your information it is equivalent to
((((5 *15) + 4) == 13) && (12 < 19))
||
((!false) == (5 < 24))
Conditional Constructs
Provide
Ability to control whether a statement list is executed
Two constructs
If statement
if
if-else
if-else-if
Switch statement
Left for reading
The Basic If Statement
Syntax
if (Expression)
Action
Expression
If the Expression is true then
execute Action
true false
Action is either a single
statement or a group of Action
statements within braces
Example
if (Value < 0) {
Is our number negative?
Value = -Value;
}
If Value is less than Value < 0
zero then we need to
update its value to
true false
that of its additive
inverse If Value is not less
than zero then our
Value = -Value number is fine as is
Our number is
now definitely
nonnegative
Sorting Two Numbers
cout << "Enter two integers: ";
int Value1;
int Value2;
cin >> Value1 >> Value2;
if (Value1 > Value2) {
int RememberValue1 = Value1;
Value1 = Value2;
Value2 = RememberValue1;
}
cout << "The input in sorted order: "
<< Value1 << " " << Value2 << endl;
Semantics Are the numbers
out of order
Rearrange value1
and value2 to value2 < value1
put their values
in the proper
order true false
int rememberValue1 = value1
value1 = value2
value2 = rememberValue1
The numbers were
rearranged into the
proper order
The numbers were
initially in order
The numbers are in
order
What is the Output?
int m = 5;
int n = 10;
if (m < n)
++m;
++n;
cout << " m = " << m << " n = " n << endl;
The If-Else Statement
Syntax
if (Expression)
Action1
else
Action2 Expression
If Expression is true then execute
Action1 otherwise execute Action2 true false
if (v == 0) {
cout << "v is 0"; Action1 Action2
}
else {
cout << "v is not 0";
}
Finding the Max
cout << "Enter two integers: ";
int Value1;
int Value2;
cin >> Value1 >> Value2;
int Max;
if (Value1 < Value2) {
Max = Value2;
}
else {
Max = Value1;
}
cout << "Maximum of inputs is: " << Max << endl;
Finding the Max Is Value2 larger than Value1
Yes, it is . So Value2 is
larger than Value1. In
this case, Max is set No, its not. So Value1
to Value2 is at least as large as
Value2. In this case,
Value1 < Value2 Max is set to Value1
true false
Max = Value2 Max = Value1
Either case, Max is set
correctly
Selection
It is often the case that depending upon the value of an
expression we want to perform a particular action
Two major ways of accomplishing this choice
if-else-if statement
if-else statements “glued” together
Switch statement
An advanced construct
An If-Else-If Statement
if ( nbr < 0 ){
cout << nbr << " is negative" << endl;
}
else if ( nbr > 0 ) {
cout << nbr << " is positive" << endl;
}
else {
cout << nbr << " is zero" << endl;
}
A Switch Statement
switch (ch) {
case 'a': case 'A':
case 'e': case 'E':
case 'i': case 'I':
case 'o': case 'O':
case 'u': case 'U':
cout << ch << " is a vowel" << endl;
break;
default:
cout << ch << " is not a vowel" << endl;
}
cout << "Enter simple expression: ";
int Left;
int Right;
char Operator;
cin >> Left >> Operator >> Right;
cout << Left << " " << Operator << " " << Right
<< " = ";
switch (Operator) {
case '+' : cout << Left + Right << endl; break;
case '-' : cout << Left - Right << endl; break;
case '*' : cout << Left * Right << endl; break;
case '/' : cout << Left / Right << endl; break;
default: cout << "Illegal operation" << endl;
}
