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Chemical Bonding: What Holds Things Together?

1) Chemical bonding involves the valence electrons or outermost shell electrons of atoms. Ionic bonds form when electrons are transferred between atoms, creating ions. Covalent bonds form when electrons are shared between atoms to achieve stable octets. 2) The type of bond (ionic or covalent) depends on the electronegativity difference between the atoms. A difference greater than 1.7 results in an ionic bond; less than 1.7 is a covalent bond. 3) Within covalent bonds, the amount of electron sharing can vary from nonpolar to polar depending on the electronegativity difference. Larger differences result in more polarized covalent bonds with electron density shifted toward the more electr

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447 views23 pages

Chemical Bonding: What Holds Things Together?

1) Chemical bonding involves the valence electrons or outermost shell electrons of atoms. Ionic bonds form when electrons are transferred between atoms, creating ions. Covalent bonds form when electrons are shared between atoms to achieve stable octets. 2) The type of bond (ionic or covalent) depends on the electronegativity difference between the atoms. A difference greater than 1.7 results in an ionic bond; less than 1.7 is a covalent bond. 3) Within covalent bonds, the amount of electron sharing can vary from nonpolar to polar depending on the electronegativity difference. Larger differences result in more polarized covalent bonds with electron density shifted toward the more electr

Uploaded by

baabisooraj
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© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chemical Bonding

What holds things together?

PGCC CHM 101 Sinex


Let’s examine the melting point of compounds
across two periods. What is the trend?
Conductivity - high Conductivity - low

Chlorides of Period 2
compound LiCl BeCl2 BCl3 CCl4 NCl3 OCl2 Cl2

melting point 610 415 -107 -23 -40 -121 -102

Chlorides of Period 3
compound NaCl MgCl2 AlCl3 SiCl4 PCl3 SCl6 Cl2

melting point 801 714 193 -69 -112 -51 -102

high low
CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 1995
Bonding
Can we explain the melting point behavior
across a period?

• involves the valence electrons or outermost


shell (or highest shell) electrons

• for group A elements - the group number


tells how many valence electrons
How many valence electrons on N?

Group 5A – 5 valence electrons


Bonding…
• Lewis dot structures show the valence
electrons around at atom and for most
molecules and compounds a complete octet
for the elements
N Al

• most monatomic ions have an electron


configuration of noble gases
1s22s22p5 F + e-  F 1s22s22p6 Ne
Write out the electron configuration for
the following atoms and ions:

He H-

Ne Ca+2

Ar O-2

Kr Br-

Which noble gas is isoelectronic with each ion?


NaCl This is the formation of an ionic bond.
bond

+ -
Na Cl
electron transfer
and the formation of ions

Cl2 This is the formation of a covalent bond.


bond

Cl Cl

sharing of a pair of electrons


and the formation of molecules
What about the distance between
the atoms in a bond?

NaCl Na+ Cl- d = 281 pm

Cl2 Cl-Cl d = 199 pm

What property can be used to tell


when a bond will ionic or covalent?
Draw the Lewis dot structures for the
following compounds:
ionic
MgO CaCl2 Na2S

covalent
HCl H 2O CH4
Some exceptions to the Octet Rule

BF3

PCl5

SF6
Electronegativity
The electronegativity difference - EN = ENhigher – EN lower

Chlorides of Period 2
compound LiCl BeCl2 BCl3 CCl4 NCl3 OCl2 Cl2

EN 2.2 1.6 1.1 0.6 0 0.6 0

Chlorides of Period 3
Compound NaCl MgCl2 AlCl3 SiCl4 PCl3 SCl6 Cl2

EN 2.2 1.9 1.6 1.3 1.0 0.6 0

large difference small difference


Using electronegativities
to determine bond type

EN > 1.7 ionic bond - transfer

EN < 1.7 covalent bond - sharing

So we have a range of electronegativity difference of


0 to 1.7 for sharing an electron pair.
Is the sharing of electrons
in molecules always equal?

non-polar
bond X Y EN = 0

Which element
is more X Y EN = 0.3

increasing polarity of bond


electronegative?

ENY > ENX X Y EN = 0.6

polar bond X Y EN = 0.9

0 < EN < 1.7


X Y EN = 1.2
Direction of electron migration
Space-filled
BF3 – a planar molecule
F
4.0
B
2.0
Ball & stick

negative

top positive side

Electrostatic potential maps Spartan ‘02


More sharing examples
O2 Share until octet is complete.

O O OO O O

double bond (2 pairs)

N2
octet complete

N N NN N N N N

triple bond (3 pairs)


Bond Energy
Is breaking a bond an endothermic or exothermic process?

X2 + energy  X + X

F2 single bond BE = 142 kJ/mole

increasing bond strength


O2 double bond BE = 494

N2 triple bond BE = 942


[Link]
Some more sharing examples
normal covalent bond
NH3 (each atom supplies
an electron)
H N H
H

NH4+ NH3 + H+  NH4+

H+ coordinate covalent bond


(the pair of electrons
H N H from the same atom)
H
Type of bond? – I, PC, or NC

TiO2 CH4 NaI

CS2 CO2 KCl

AlCl3 CsF HBr


Using the EN trends to predict bond type

Increasing EN

Increasing EN
105 107
Db Bh

NO RbF FeS H 2S
Modified from [Link]
Draw the Lewis dot structures

CO2 NH2-

H3O+ CO

HCN H2CO

(C in center)
Show the direction of electron
migration ( ) in the following.
C–H
H–F
C=O
C – Cl

Rank the bond polarity (1-most … 3-least)

As-H N-H P-H


Here is the electrostatic potential map for H2CO.

Show the electron


migration on this
planar molecule.

H
C O
H

blue – positive red - negative

How is this molecule different than BF3?


Comparison of Bonding Types

ionic covalent
ions
molecules
molten salts non-
conductive conductive
valence
transfer of sharing of
electrons
electrons electrons
high mp low mp
EN > 1.7 EN < 1.7
100% covalent 100% ionic
Bonding spectrum
A B A B A+ B-

Increasing EN

Increasing polarity Transfer

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