OO Programming
Object Oriented Analysis and Design 1
Designing Programs
Software Development – Solving Problem
Place Order
Inventory
Problem
Shipping Space
Descriptions of problem Business Process
(Human: Requirements) Natural Language
A Gap between languages
Descriptions of solution Programming Language
(Human: Designing Program )
Execution of program Solution
Computer System Space
Object Oriented Analysis and Design 2
Software Development – Solving Problem
Place Order
Inventory Problem
Shipping Space
Descriptions of problem
(Human: Requirements) Business Process Natural Language
A Gap between languages
Programming Language
Descriptions of solution High-Level Language (Object-Oriented) e.g. C++ Java
(Human: Designing Programs)
High-Level Language (Procedural) e.g. C, BASIC
Assembly Language
Machine Language
Execution of program Solution
Computer System Space
Object Oriented Analysis and Design 3
Procedural Programming
This programming paradigm is essentially an
abstraction of machine /assembly language.
Program is organized around procedures.
Focus on data structures, algorithms and
sequencing of steps
Programs = Algorithm + Data Structure
An algorithm is a set of A data structure is a construct
instructions for solving a used to organize data in a
problem specific way.
Most computer languages, from early examples like FORTRAN and
ALGOL to more recent languages like C and Ada, have been
imperative or procedural.
Object Oriented Analysis and Design 4
Procedural Programming - Example
Writing a program to handle bank accounts
Customer can open different type of accounts,
such as cash account, check account and Loan
account.
For each account, customer can deposit,
withdraw or transfer.
How to write this program with C ?
Object Oriented Analysis and Design 5
Procedural Programming - Example
Programs = Algorithm + Data Structure
Struct account {
char name; Procedure 1: Deposit() {...}
Data Structure: int accountId;
float balance; Procedure 1: Withdraw() {...}
Bank Account
float interestYTD;
char accountType; Procedure 1: Transfer() {...}
};
A procedural programming language usually consists of :
A collection of variables, each of which at any stage contains a
certain value (a number, a character, a string of characters, etc)
A collection of statements that change the values of these variables.
The building-block of this type program is the procedure
or function.
Object Oriented Analysis and Design 6
Procedural Programming - Disadvantages
Procedures and data are clearly separated.
Transformation of concepts between analysis &
implementation.
Design models are a long step from implementation.
Procedures are often hard to reuse.
Programs are often hard to extend and maintain.
Data Procedure Analysis Design
a gap a gap
NJ NY NJ NY
Hudson river Hudson river
Object Oriented Analysis and Design 7
Object-Oriented Programming: OOP
A design and programming technique
Some terminology:
object - usually a person, place or thing (a noun)
method - an action performed by an object (a verb)
type or class - a category of similar objects (such as
automobiles)
Objects have both data and methods
Objects of the same class have the same
data elements and methods
Objects send and receive messages to
invoke actions
Object Oriented Analysis and Design 8
Object-Oriented Programming - Example
Writing a program to handle bank
accounts
Customer can open different type of accounts,
such as cash account, check account and Loan
account.
For each account, customer can deposit,
withdraw or transfer.
How to write this program with C++ or
Java ?
Object Oriented Analysis and Design 9
Object-Oriented Programming - Example
Object-Oriented approach
combine the accounts (data) with the
operations on the accounts to objects.
A new kind of data type: BankAccount class
C++ code:
Class BankAccount {
private:
float balance;
float interestYTD;char * owner;
int account_number;
public:
void Deposit (float amount) {...}
float WithDraw (float amount) {…}
bool Transfer (BankAccount & to, float amount) {…}
};
Object Oriented Analysis and Design 10
Object-Oriented Programming - Example
The building-block of this type program is
class or objects.
Object Oriented Analysis and Design 11
Example - The Shape Application
We have an application that must be able to
draw circles and squares on a standard GUI
The circles and squares must be drawn in a
particular order.
A list of the circles and squares will be created
in the appropriate order, and the program must
walk the list in that order and draw each circle
or square.
Object Oriented Analysis and Design 12
Example - Procedural Programming in C
Data Structure
---Shape.h --------------------------------------------
Enum Shape {circle, square};
struct Shape {
ShapeType itsType;
};
---Circle.h --------------------------------------------
struct Circle {
Shape itsType;
double itsRadius;
Point itsCenter;
};
---square.h -------------------------------------------
struct Square {
Shape itsType;
double itsSide;
Point itsTopLeft;
};
Object Oriented Analysis and Design 13
Example - Procedural Programming in C
Function
---drawAllShapes.c --------------------------------------------
typedef struct Shape *ShapePointer;
Void DrawAllShapes (ShapePointer list[], int n) {
int I;
for (i=0; i<n; i++) {
struct Shape* s = list[i];
switch (s->itsType) {
case square:
DrawSquare((struct Square*)s);
break;
case circle:
DrawCircle((struct Circle*)s);
break;
}
}
}
Object Oriented Analysis and Design 14
Example - Procedural Programming in C
Problems
Rigid: because the addition of Triangle causes
Shape,Square,Circle, and DrawAllShapes to be
recompiled and redeployed.
Fragile: because there will be many other
switch/case or if/else statements that are both
hard to find and hard to decipher.
Immobile: because anyone attempting to reuse
DrawAllShapes in another program is required
to bring along Square and Circle, even if that
new program does not need them.
Object Oriented Analysis and Design 15
Example – Object-Oriented Programming in C++
class Shape {
public:
virtural void Draw() const= 0; It is changed by adding new
}; code rather than by changing
class Square : public Shape { existing code.
public:
virtual void Draw() const;
};
class Circle : public Shape {
public: Not rigid
virtual void Draw() const; Not Fragile
}; Not Immobile
void DrawAllShapes(vector <Shape*>& list) {
vector<Shape*> :: iterator I;
for (i = [Link](); i != [Link](); i++)
(*i)->Draw();
}
Object Oriented Analysis and Design 16
Example - Object-Oriented Programming in C++
Now, the requirement is changed:
All Circles should be drawn before any Squares
In previous solution, The DrawAllSquares function
is not closed against this change.
How can we close the DrawAllShapes function
against changes in the ordering of drawing?
Using Abstraction.
Using a “Data-Driven” Approach
…..
Object Oriented Analysis and Design 17
What Is Object Technology?
Object Technology
A set of principles guiding
software construction
together with languages,
databases, and other
tools that support those
principles.
(Object Technology - A
Manager’s Guide, Taylor,
1997)
Object Oriented Analysis and Design 18
The History of Object Technology
Major object technology milestones
Simula C ++ The UML
1967 Late 1980s 1996
1972 1991 2000+
Smalltalk Java ???
Object Oriented Analysis and Design 19
Strengths of Object Technology
A single paradigm
A single language used by users, analysts,
designers, and implementers
Facilitates architectural and code reuse
Models more closely reflect the real world
More accurately describes corporate entities
Decomposed based on natural partitioning
Easier to understand and maintain
Stability
A small change in requirements does not
mean massive changes in the system under
development
Adaptive to change
Object Oriented Analysis and Design 20
Basic concepts of OO
Object Oriented Analysis and Design 21
Basic Concepts of Object Orientation
Object
Class
Message
Basic Principles of Object Orientation
Abstraction
Encapsulation
Inheritance
Polymorphism
Interface and Abstract Class
Object Oriented Analysis and Design 22
What Is an Object?
Informally, an object represents an entity,
either physical, conceptual, or software.
Physical entity
Truck
Conceptual entity
Chemical
Process
Software entity
Linked List
Object Oriented Analysis and Design 23
A More Formal Definition
An object is an entity Attributes
with a well-defined
boundary and identity
that encapsulates state
and behavior.
State is represented by
attributes and
relationships.
Behavior is represented
by operations, methods,
and state machines. Object
Operations
Object Oriented Analysis and Design 24
An Object Has State
The state of an object is one of the possible
conditions in which an object may exist.
The state of an object normally changes
over time.
Name: J Clark
Employee ID: 567138
HireDate: 07/25/1991
Professor Clark Status: Tenured
Discipline: Finance
MaxLoad: 3
Name: J Clark
Employee ID: 567138
Date Hired: July 25, 1991
Status: Tenured
Discipline: Finance
Maximum Course Load: 3 classes Professor Clark
Object Oriented Analysis and Design 25
An Object Has Behavior
Behavior determines how an object acts and
reacts.
The visible behavior of an object is modeled
by the set of messages it can respond to
(operations the object can perform).
Professor Clark
Professor Clark’s behavior
Submit Final Grades
Accept Course Offering TakeSabbatical()
Take Sabbatical
Maximum Course Load: 3 classes Professor Clark
Object Oriented Analysis and Design 26
An Object Has Identity
Each object has a unique identity, even if the
state is identical to that of another object.
Professor “J Clark” teaches Professor “J Clark” teaches
Biology Biology
Object Oriented Analysis and Design 27
Objects Need to Collaborate
Objects are useless unless they can
collaborate together to solve a problem.
Each object is responsible for its own behavior
and status.
No one object can carry out every responsibility
on its own.
How do objects interact with each other?
They interact through messages.
Object Oriented Analysis and Design 28
What Is a Class?
A class is a description of a set of objects that
share the same properties and behavior.
An object is an instance of a class.
Class: Professor
Objects Professor
Attributes - name
- employeeID : UniqueId
Professor Smith - hireDate
- status
- discipline
- maxLoad
Professor Mellon
+ submitFinalGrade()
Professor Jones + acceptCourseOffering()
+ setMaxLoad()
Operations + takeSabbatical()
Object Oriented Analysis and Design 29
A Sample Class
Class: Automobile
Data Items: Methods:
manufacturer’s name Define data items
model name (specify
manufacturer’s name,
year made model, year, etc.)
color Change a data item
number of doors (color, engine, etc.)
size of engine Display data items
etc. Calculate cost
etc.
Object Oriented Analysis and Design 30
The Relationship Between Classes and Objects
A class is an abstract definition of an object.
It defines the structure and behavior of each object in the
class.
It serves as a template for creating objects
Objects are grouped into classes.
An object is an instance of a class.
From Real World Class: Professor
Professor
Professor Jones Professor Smith abstracting - name
Objects - employeeID : UniqueId
- hireDate
- status
- discipline
Professor Mellon - maxLoad
instancing + submitFinalGrade()
J Clark : Objects + acceptCourseOffering()
+ setMaxLoad()
Professor + takeSabbatical()
To computer World
Object Oriented Analysis and Design 31
What Is an Attribute?
An attribute is a named property of a class
that describes a range of values instances
of the property may hold.
A class may have any number of attributes or no
attributes at all.
Student
- name
- address
Attributes
- studentID
- dateOfBirth
Object Oriented Analysis and Design 32
Attributes in Classes and Objects
Class name: M. Modano
address: 123 Main
studentID: 9
dateofBirth: 03/10/1967
Student Objects
- name
- address
- studentID
- dateOfBirth
name: D. Hatcher
address: 456 Oak
studentID: 2
dateofBirth: 12/11/1969
Object Oriented Analysis and Design 33
What Is an Operation?
An operation is the implementation of a
service that can be requested from any
object of the class to affect behavior.
A class may have any number of operations
or none at all.
Student
+ get tuition()
+ add schedule()
Operations + get schedule()
+ delete schedule()
+ has pre-requisites()
Object Oriented Analysis and Design 34
Example: class Professor
class Professor {
private String name;
private int age; Professor
private String speciality;
- name : String
public Professor (String sm, int ia,
- age : int
String ss) {
name = sm; - speciality : String
age = ia;
speciality = sst; +getName() : String
} +getAge() : int
public String getName () { return +getSpeciality() : String
name;}
public int getAge () { return age;}
public String getSpeciality () {
return speciality;}
}
Object Oriented Analysis and Design 35
Example : Instance of Professor
wang : Professor
name = “wang”
age = 35
speciality = “computer”
Professor wang = new Professor (“wang”, 35,
“computer”);
Object Oriented Analysis and Design 36
What is a message?
A specification of a communication between objects
that conveys information with the expectation that
activity will ensue
One object asks another object to perform an operation.
What is your name?
Professor wang
[Link]()
Object Oriented Analysis and Design 37
Example: Object Interaction
The OrderEntryForm wants Order to calculate
the total dollar value for the order.
calculateOrderTotal()
orderID
date
salesTotal
tax
shipDate
Message
OrderEntryForm Order
The class Order has the responsibility to calculate the total dollar
value.
Object Oriented Analysis and Design 38
Basic Principles of Object Orientation
Object Orientation
Polymorphism
Encapsulation
Abstraction
Inheritance
Object Oriented Analysis and Design 39
What Is Abstraction?
Abstraction can be defined as:
Any model that includes the most important, essential, or
distinguishing aspects of something while suppressing or
ignoring less important, immaterial, or diversionary
details. The result of removing distinctions so as to
emphasize commonalties.
(Dictionary of Object Technology, Firesmith, Eykholt, 1995)
Abstraction
Emphasizes relevant characteristics.
Suppresses other characteristics.
BriefCase
- Capacity
- Weight
+ open()
+ close()
Object Oriented Analysis and Design 40
Example: Abstraction
Student Professor
Course Offering (9:00 AM,
Monday-Wednesday-Friday) Course (e.g. Algebra)
Object Oriented Analysis and Design 41
What Is Encapsulation?
Encapsulation means to design, produce, and
describe software so that it can be easily used
without knowing the details of how it works.
Also known as information hiding
An analogy:
When you drive a car, you don’t have know the
details of how many cylinders the engine has or
how the gasoline and air are mixed and ignited.
Instead you only have to know how to use the
controls.
Object Oriented Analysis and Design 42
What Is Encapsulation?
Hide implemmentation from clients
clients depend on interface
Improves Resiliency
Object Oriented Analysis and Design 43
Encapsulation Illustrated
Professor Clark Professor Clark
needs to be able
to teach four
classes in the
next semester. Name: J Clark
Employee ID: 567138
HireDate: 07/25/1991
Status: Tenured
Discipline: Finance
MaxLoad:4
SetMaxLoad(4)
TakeSabbatical()
Object Oriented Analysis and Design 44
Encapsulation – Information/Implementation hiding
Information which can’t be
accessed by client
Balance
Interface insterestYTD
Owner
Client Deposit() Account_number
Withdraw()
Transfer() Deposit() {…}
Withdraw() {…}
Transfer() {…}
Implementation details
which are invisible for
client.
Object Oriented Analysis and Design 45
What Is Inheritance ?
Inheritance —a way of organizing classes
Term comes from inheritance of traits like
eye color, hair color, and so on.
Classes with properties in common can be
grouped so that their common properties
are only defined once.
Is an “is a kind of” relationship
Object Oriented Analysis and Design 46
An Inheritance Hierarchy
Vehicle
Automobile Motorcycle Bus
Sedan Sports Car School Bus Luxury Bus
What properties does each vehicle inherit from the
types of vehicles above it in the diagram?
Object Oriented Analysis and Design 47
Example: Single Inheritance
One class inherits from another.
Ancestor
Account
- balance
Superclass - name
- number
(parent)
+ withdraw()
+ createStatement()
Inheritance
Relationship
Savings Checking
Subclasses
Descendents
Object Oriented Analysis and Design 48
Example: Multiple Inheritance
A class can inherit from several other
classes.
FlyingThing Animal
Multiple Inheritance
Airplane Helicopter Bird Wolf Horse
Use multiple inheritance only when needed and
always with caution!
Object Oriented Analysis and Design 49
Polymorphism
Polymorphism—the same word or phrase
can be mean different things in different
contexts
Analogy: in English, bank can mean side of a
river or a place to put money
In Java, two or more classes could each have
a method called output
Each output method would do the right
thing for the class that it was in.
One output might display a number
whereas a different one might display a name.
Object Oriented Analysis and Design 50
What Is Polymorphism?
The ability to hide many different
implementation behind a single interface.
Manufacturer B
Manufacturer A Manufacturer C
OO Principle:
Encapsulation
Object Oriented Analysis and Design 51
Example: Polymorphism
Get Current Value
Stock Bond Mutual Fund
Object Oriented Analysis and Design 52
What is an Interface?
An interface is a collection of operations that specify
a service of a class or component.
Interfaces formalize polymorphism
Interfaces support “plug-and-play” architectures
Tube
<<Interface>>
‘How’
Shape
‘What’ Pyramid
draw()
move()
scale()
rotate() Cube
Realization relationship (stay tuned for realization
relationships)
Object Oriented Analysis and Design 53
How Do You Represent An Interface?
Tube
Elided/Iconic
Representation
(“lollipop”) Pyramid
Shape
Cube
Tube
Canonical
<<Interface>>
(Class/Stereotype) Shape
Representation Pyramid
draw()
move()
scale()
rotate() Cube
(stay tuned for realization
Object Oriented Analysis and Design relationships) 54
What is an Abstract Class?
An abstract class is a class that may not has any direct
instances.
In the UML, you specify that a class is abstract by writing its
name in italics.
An abstract operation is an operation that it is incomplete and
requires a child to supply an implementation of the operation.
In the UML, you specify an abstract operation by writing its
name in italics.
Shape
Abstract class
{abstract}
draw () {abstract} Abstract operation
Circle Rectangle
draw () draw ()
Object Oriented Analysis and Design 55
