Business and Commercial Aviation Magazine
“An aircraft's fuel system has a more
profound effect on aircraft performance than
any other airframe system. Without fuel, the
mission inevitably comes to an abrupt stop
and, unless the flight crew is very, very lucky,
the ensuing forced landing will cause severe
or catastrophic aircraft damage.” ~ Fred
George, 6/20/06
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Fuel Types
Civilian Military
Jet A JP-4
Jet A-1 JP-5
Jet B JP-8
Typical Fuel Tanks
Integral
Rigid Removable
Bladder
Rule of Thumb for max. fuel volume: 85% for wing
tanks and 92% for fuselage tanks, measured to the
external skin surface (exception: bladder tanks, 77%
and 83%, respectively)
External
Components
Main Tanks
Header Tank (separate from main tanks, holds
enough fuel for engines to run during
complicated maneuvers)
Gravity Feed (small aircraft only)
Electric/Engine-driven Fuel Pumps
Fuel distributed around center of
gravity
Fuel Dumping Systems
Needed to meet landing weight limits of
landing gear or runway length
System of fuel pumps and valves
Usually ejected from wingtips
Sometimes from at-most point of fuselage
Usually designed to allow the plane to go
from max take-off weight to max landing
weight in 15 minutes or less.
777 Fuel Dumping http://www.aerospaceweb.org/question/planes/q0245b.shtml
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In-Flight Refueling
Original motivation: endurance records
Currently used only in the military sector
Two main types:
Boom and Receptacle
Probe and Drogue
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References
Ask A Scientist
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Aerospaceweb.org
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Refueling
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refueling/Tech22G5.htm
PBS http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/concorde/anat-nf.html
Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_tank
Raymer Aircraft Design: A Conceptual Approach 4th ed. By
Daniel Raymer
George, Fred Business and Commercial Aviation
Magazine, June 2006 issue.
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ews/fuel0606.xml
