Sub - Station

The assembly of apparatus used to

change some characteristic (eg. voltage,
ac to dc, frequency, power factor etc.) of
electric supply is called a Sub-Station.
 The Sub-Station should be:

• Proper site specially gravity of load

• Provide safe and reliable arrangement.
• Should be easily operated and maintained
• Involve minimum capital cost
Classification of Sub-Station:
According to service requirement
• Transformer Sub-Station
• Switching Sub-Station
• Power factor correction Sub-Station
• Frequency changer Sub-Station
• Converting Sub-Station (change
from ac to dc.)
• Industrial Sub-Station
 According to construction feature

• Indoor Sub-Station
• Out door Sub-Station
• Under ground Sub-Station
• Pole mounted Sub-Station
Classification Transformer Sub-Station

• Step up Sub-Station
• Primary grid Sub-Station
• Secondary Sub-Station
• Distribution Sub-Station
 Types of Bus-Bar
Single Bus Bar
· Single Bus – Bar with sectionalisation
· Duplicating Bus-bar system
· One and half breaker bus-bar
· Ring Bus-Bar
Circuit Breaker
A circuit breaker is piece of equipment,
which can,
• Make or break a circuit either manually or
remote control under normal condition.
• Break a circuit automatically under fault
condition.
• Make a circuit either manually or by
remote control under fault.
 Circuit Breaker Rating :
• Must be capable of opening the faulty
circuit and breaking the fault current
• Must be capable of being closed on to a
fault
• Must be capable of carrying fault current
for a short time.
Circuit Breaker has three rating:

• Breaking capacity : it is the current (rms)

that a circuit breaker is capable of
breaking at given recovery voltage and
under specified conditions (eg. power
fector, rate of rise of restriking voltage)
• Making capacity: The peak value of
current (including dc component) during
the first cycle of current wave after the
closure of circuit breaker is known as
making capacity.
• Short time capacity: it is the period for
which the circuit breaker is able to carry
fault current while remaining closed.
 Arc Phenomenon
• The arc resistance depends upon the
following factors

• Degree of ionization
• Length of arc
• Cross section of arc
 Principles of Arc Extinction

The factors responsible for maintain the arc

between the contacts are:

• P.d. between the contacts

• Ionized particles between contacts
 Method of Arc Extinction

High resistance method suitable for dc or

low ac circuit breaker

• In this method arc resistance is made to

increase with time so that current is
reduced to a value insufficient to maintain
the arc.
The disadvantages of this method are that enormous
energy is dissipated in the arc.

•Especially use for dc and low capacity ac circuit breakers only.

•The resistance of the arc may be increased by ;

•Lengthening the arc : The resistance of the arc is directly proportional

to its length.
•Cooling the Arc: Cooling helps in de-ionization of the medium between
the contacts. This increases the arc resistance.
•Reducing the cross section of arc: If the cross section of the arc is
reduced, the voltage necessary to maintain the arc is increased.
•Splitting the arc: The resistance of the arc can be increased by splitting
into a number of smaller arcs in series
• Low resistance method or current zero method especially
for high ac circuit.

In this method is employed for arc extinction in ac circuits

only. All modern high power ac circuit breakers employ this
method for arc extinction.

In ac circuit current drops to zero after every half cycle. At

every current zero the arc extinguishes for a brief moment. If
immediately after current zero the dielectric strength of the
medium between contacts is built up more rapidly than the
voltage across the contacts, the arc fails to restrike and the
current will be interrupted. The rapid increase of dielectric
strength of the medium near current zero can be achieved by,
i) Causing the ionized particles in the space between
contacts to recombine into neutral molecules.
ii) Sweeping the ionized particles away and replacing
them by un-ionized particles.
 The de-ionization of the medium can be achieved by:
– Lengthening of the gap: The dielectric strength of the medium
is proportional to the length of the gap between contacts.

– High Pressure : If the pressure in the vicinity of the arc is

increased, the density of the particles constituting the discharge
also increases. The increased density of the particles causes
higher rate of de-ionization and consequently the dielectric
strength of the medium between contacts is increased.

– Cooling: Natural combination of ionized particles takes place

more rapidly if they are allowed to cool. Therefore, cooling the
arc can increase dielectric strength of the medium between the
contacts.

– Blast effect: if the ionized particles between the contacts are

swept away and replaced by un-ionized particles, the dielectric
strength of the medium can be increased.
Classification of Circuit Breaker:
1. Oil Circuit breaker:
a) Bulk oil Circuit breaker
i) Plain brake oil circuit breaker
ii) Arc control oil circuit breaker
- Self blast oil circuit breaker
- Force blast oil circuit breaker
b) Minimum oil/Low oil Circuit breaker

2. Air circuit breaker:

i) Axial Blast type
ii) Cross blast type
iii) Radial blast type
3. Sulphur Hexa fluoride (SF6) gas breaker:
Advantages of SF6 gas circuit breaker:
- Short arcing time
- Interrupt much larger current
- Noiseless operation
- No moisture problem
- Non inflammable
- No insulation problem
- Less maintenance cost
Disadvantages of SF6 gas circuit breaker
- High cost of SF6 gas
- SF6 gas has to be reconditioning after every operation of
the breaker, additional equipment is required for this
purpose.
4. Vacuum Circuit breaker:

Advantages of Vacuum circuit breaker:

- Compact, reliable and have long life.
- No fire hazard
- No generation of gas during and after operation.
- Can interrupt any fault current.
- Required little maintenance
- Quite in operation
- Successfully withstand lighting surges.
- Low arc energy
- Low inertia and hence require smaller power for control
mechanism.

Disadvantages of Vacuum circuit breaker

- For low capacity and low voltage.
 Comparison between Breaker and Switches :

Breaker Switches/Isolator
* Make or break a circuit either * Make or break a circuit either
manually or remote control under manually or remote control under
normal and fault condition. normal condition only.

* Break a circuit automatically under * Not Possible to break a circuit

fault condition. automatically under fault
condition.
* Possible to make a circuit either * Not possible to make a circuit either
manually or by remote control under manually or by remote control
fault condition. under fault condition.

* On load breaker * Off load breaker

* Arc quenching system is present. * Arc quenching system is absent.

Comparison between Bulk Oil Circuit Breaker and Minimum
Oil Circuit Breaker:

Bulk Oil Circuit Breaker Minimum Oil Circuit Breaker

* Oil has to perform as on arc * Oil has to perform as on arc

quenching media. quenching media.
* It insulates the live parts from earth. * It insulates the live parts from
earth.
* High volume of oil needed. * Low volume of oil needed.
* High cost. * Low cost
* High volume of tank size. * Low volume of tank size.

* Much weight of Breaker in * Light weight of Breaker in

comparison of MOCB. comparison of BOCB.

* High fire risk. * Low fire risk.

* High maintenance cost. * Low maintenance cost.

 INSTALLED BY-PASS BREAKER
33 KV SUB-STATION
CG GHORASHAL POWER STATION
Crompton Greaves Nashik, India.

GAS CIRCUIT BREAKER

TYPE 30-SFGP-25ASTD IEC56 YEAR 1998

RATED VOLTAGE 36 KV RATED FREQUENCY 50 HZ

RATED NORMAL CURRENT 2000A RATED MAKING CURRENT 62.5KAp

RATED SHORT CIRCUIT ........ RATED SHORT TIME ........

BREAKING CURRENT 25 KA CURRENT 25 KA FOR 3 SECONDS

RATED LIGHTNING IMPULSE .... FIRST POLE TO CLEAR FACTOR 1.5

WITHSTAND VOLTAGE 200 KVp [Link].0-0.3SEC-CO-3MIN-CO

RATED GAS PRESSURE 5 Kg/Cm2-g(200C) GASWT.2.5 Kg TOTAL WT. 750 Kg

RATED COIL VOLTAGE-CLOSING 220 VDC TRIPPING 220 VDC

MOTOR VOLTAGE 230 VAC AUX. CIRCUIT 230V 50 HZ

Sr. No. – 11112

Thank You!