COMPUTATION OF

RATES
(Vital Health Statistics)
Definition of Terms

ATTACK RATE (AR) - A more accurate measure of the risk of exposure.

Useful in epidemiological investigations

ATTENDED - refers to the cases given medical care at any point in time
during the course of the illness which directly caused death. Medical
care may either be provided directly by a medical doctor or indirectly
by allied health care providers, i.e., nurses and midwives who are under
the direct supervision of a medical doctor. Otherwise, case is
categorized as “death unattended” .
Definition of Terms

CRUDE BIRTH RATE (CBR) - is a measure of one characteristic of the

natural growth or increase of a population.

CRUDE DEATH RATE (CDR) – is measure of one mortality from all causes
which may result in a decrease of population.

CRUDE or GENERAL RATES - These rates are referred to the total living
population. It must be presumed that the total population was exposed
to the risk of the occurrence of the event.
Definition of Terms

DEATH – is the permanent disappearance of all evidence of life at any

time after live birth has taken place (postnatal cessation of vital
functions without capability of resuscitation).

FETAL DEATH – is the death prior to the complete expulsion or

extraction of a product of conception from its mother, irrespective of
the duration of pregnancy; the death is indicated by the fact that after
such separation the fetus does not breathe or show any other evidence
of life, such as beating of the heart, pulsation of the umbilical cord, or
definite movement of voluntary muscles.
Definition of Terms

FETAL DEATH RATE (FDR) - Measures pregnancy wastage. Death of the

product of conception prior to its complete expulsion, irrespective of
duration of pregnancy.

INCIDENCE RATE (IR) - Measures the frequency of occurrence of the

phenomenon during a given period of time. Deals only with new cases.

INFANT MORTALITY/DEATH – is the death of an infant under one year of

age
Definition of Terms

NFANT MORTALITY RATE (IMR) - Measures the risk of dying during the 1st
year of life. It is a good index of the general health condition of a
community since it reflects the changes in the environmental and medical
conditions of a community.

LATE FETAL DEATH – is the death of fetus with 28 or more completed weeks
of gestation

LIVE BIRTH – is the complete expulsion or extraction from its mother of a

product of conception, irrespective of the duration of the pregnancy, which
after such separation, breathes or shows any other evidence of life, such as
beating of the heart, pulsation of the umbilical cord, or definite movement
of voluntary muscles, whether or not the umbilical cord has been cut or the
placenta is attached; each product of such birth is considered liveborn.
Definition of Terms

MATERNAL MORTALITY/DEATH – is the death of a woman while

pregnant or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy, irrespective of
the duration and the site of the pregnancy, from any cause related to or
aggravated by the pregnancy or its management, but not from
accidental or incidental causes.

MATERNAL MORTALITY RATE (MMR) - It measures the risk of dying

from causes related to pregnancy, childbirth and puerperium. It is an
index of the obstetrical care needed and received by the women in a
community.
Definition of Terms

NEONATAL DEATH – is the death among live births during the first 28
completed days of life.

NEONATAL DEATH RATE (NDR) - Measures the risk of dying during the
1st month of life. May serve as index of the effects of prenatal care and
obstetrical management on the newborn

PREVALENCE RATE (PR) - Measures the proportion of the population

which exhibits a particular disease at a particular time. This can only be
determined following a survey of the population concerned. Deals with
total (old and new) number of cases.
Definition of Terms

PROPORTIONATE MORTALITY (PM) - Shows the numerical relationship

between deaths from a cause (or groups of causes), age (or groups of
age) etc. and the total number of deaths from all causes in all ages
taken together. Not a measure of risk of dying.

RATE - In Vital Statistics, a rate shows the relationship between a vital

event and those persons exposed to the occurrence of said event,
within a given area and during a specified unit of time. It is evident that
the persons experiencing the event (the numerator) must come from
the total population exposed to the risk of same event (the
denominator).
Definition of Terms

ATIO - It is used to describe the relationship between two (2) numerical

quantities or measures of events without taking particular
considerations to the time or place. These quantities need not
necessarily represent the same entities, although the unit of measure
must be the same for both numerator and denominator of the ratio.

SPECIFIC DEATH RATE - Describes more accurately the risk of exposure

of certain classes or groups to particular diseases. To understand the
forces of mortality, the rates should be made specific provided the data
are available for both the population and the event in their
specifications. Specific rates render more comparable results and thus,
reveal the problems of public health.
Definition of Terms

SPECIFIC RATE - The relationship is for a specific population class or

group. It limits the occurrence of the event to that portion of the
population definitely exposed to it.

TOTAL FERTILITY RATE (TFR) – refers to the number of children a woman

would have by the time she reaches age 50 under a given fixed fertility
schedule. It is sometimes referred to as completed family size. It is the
average number of births per 100 females aged 15-49 years.
Definition of Terms
Definition of Terms
Attack Rate (AR)

No. of persons acquiring a disease

registered in a given year
A R = ----------------------------------------------------- x 100
No. exposed to same disease
in same year
Case Fatality Ratio(CFR)

No. of registered deaths from a specific

disease for a given year
CFR = ----------------------------------------------------- x 100
No. of registered cases from same
specific disease in same year
Crude Death Rate (CDR)

Total no. of deaths registered in a given

calendar year
CDR = ------------------------------------------------------------- x 1,000
Estimated population as of July 1 of same year
Fetal Death Ratio

Total no. of fetal deaths registered in a

given calendar year
Fetal Death Ratio = ------------------------------------------------------ x 1,000
Total no. of live births registered of
same year
Fetal Death Rate

Total no. of fetal deaths registered in a

given calendar year
FDR = ------------------------------------------------------------- x 1,000
Total no. of births (livebirths and fetal deaths)
registered of same yea
Incidence Rate (IR)

No. of new cases of a particular disease

registered during a specified period of time
I R = ---------------------------------------------------- x 100,000
Population at risk
Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)

Total no. of deaths under 1 year of age

registered in a given calendar year
IMR = --------------------------------------------------------- x 1,000
Total no. of registered live births of same
calendar year
Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR)

Total no. of deaths from maternal causes

registered for a given year
MMR = ------------------------------------------------------------- x 1,000
Total no. of live births registered of same year
Neonatal Death Rate (NDR)

No. of deaths under 28 days of age

registered in a given calendar year
NDR = ------------------------------------------------------------- x 1,000
No. of live births registered of same year
Prevalence Rate (PR)

No. of new and old cases of a certain disease

Registered at a given time
P R = ----------------------------------------------------- x 100
Total no. of persons examined at
` same given time
Proportionate Mortality (PM)

No. of registered deaths from a specific cause

or age for a given calendar year
P M = ------------------------------------------------------ x 100
No. of registered deaths from all causes,
all ages in same year
Specific Death Rate (SDR)

Deaths in specific class or group registered

in a given calendar year
Specific = --------------------------------------------------------- x 100,000 Death
Rate Estimated population as of July 1 in
same specified class or group of said year
Examples:

No. of deaths from a specific cause

registered in a given calendar year
Cause-specific = ------------------------------------------------ x 100,000
Death Rate Estimated population as of July 1st
of same year
Example

No. of deaths in a particular age group

registered in a given calendar year
Age-specific = ---------------------------------------------------- x 100,000
Death Rate Estimated population as of July 1st in
same age group of same year
Example

No. of deaths of a certain sex registered

in a given calendar year
Sex-specific = ----------------------------------------------------- x 100,000
Death Rate Estimated population as of July 1 in
same sex for same year
How to Calculate Population Projections

Population projections are made for a variety of important purposes.

For example,
a city may calculate population projections to determine future needs
for services, such as police, fire and schools.
A country might use population projections to determine the future
expected costs for welfare programs or retirement benefits.

To calculate population projections, you need to know the estimated growth

or decrease rate, the current population and how far into the future you
want to predict.
 Divided the projected growth rate by 100 to convert to a decimal.
For example, if the population of a city is projected to grow at a
rate of 1.8 percent per year, divide 1.8 by 100 to get 0.018.

 Add 1 to the projected growth rate expressed as a decimal. In this

example, add 1 to 0.018 to get 1.018.

 Raise the result to the number of periods that will elapse before
the projected time. For this example, if you want to project the
population of the city 10 years from now, raise 1.018 to the 10th
power to get 1.195302368 because the projected growth rate is
per year.
 Multiply the result by the original population to find the
projected population.

In this example, if the city started with a population of

840,000, multiply 1.195302368 by 840,000 to get 1,004,054,
meaning in 10 years the population is projected to grow to just
over 1 million people.