What are microprocessor-based systems?
Microprocessor-based systems are electrical systems consisting
of microprocessors, memories, I/O units, and other peripherals.
Microprocessors are the brains of the systems
Microprocessors access memories and other units through buses
The operations of microprocessors are controlled by instructions
stored in memories
Microprocessor
Control Bus
unit
Datapath
ALU
Output Input
Reg. Memory
units units
Microprocessor System Design 3-1
What are microprocessors?
A microprocessor is a processor (or Central Processing Unit, CPU)
fabricated on a single integrated circuit.
Address bus MAR
PC
IR
Control
Control bus
unit
Y
Data bus ALU ACC
A simple microprocessor architecture
Microprocessor System Design 3-2
Evolution of Computers
Fourth generation (1971-present) - microprocessor
In 1971, Intel developed 4-bit 4004 chip for calculator
applications.
ROM/RAM buffer Timing Reset
Control logic
Instruction Program
decoder counter
ALU Reg.
I/O
Refresh
logic
System bus
http://www.intel.com
Block diagram of Intel 4004 4004 chip layout
A good review article: The History of The Microprocessor, Bell Labs Technical Journal,
Autumn, Microprocessor
1997 System Design 3-3
Evolution of Intel Microprocessors
Number of transistors Minimum transistor sizes (µm)
100,000,000
7
P III 8080
Pentium 6
10,000,000 P4
1,000,000 80386 P II 5
80486
100,000 8088 4
80286
10,000 8088
3
1,000 8080
2 80386
100
Pentium
10 1 80286 P II P III P 4
1 0
80486
1974 1979 1982 1985 1989 1993 1997 1999 2000 1974 1979 1982 1985 1989 1993 1997 1999 2000
Clock frequencies (MHz) MIPS
10000 10000
P4
1000 P III P4
1000
P II Pentium
100 P II
100
Pentium P III
80386 10 80386 80486
10 8088 80486
8080 1 8080 8088
80286 80286
1 0.1
1974 1979 1982 1985 1989 1993 1997 1999 2000 1974 1979 1982 1985 1989 1993 1997 1999 2000
Microprocessor System Design 3-4
Other Commercial Microprocessors
PowerPC (IBM, Motorola)
Athlon, Dulon, Hammer (AMD)
Crusoe (Transmeta)
SPARC, UltraSPARC (Sun Microsystems)
TI’s TMS DSP chips (Texas Instruments)
StarCore (Motorola, Agere)
ARM cores (Advanced RISC Machines)
MIPS cores (MIPS Technologies)
Microprocessor System Design 3-5
Applications of Microprocessor-Based Systems
Computers
System performance is normally the most important design concern
Other
Keyboard Monitor Disk
... ...
peripherals
Bus
Micro- Timing & Interrupt
Memory
processor control control
Block diagram of a computer
Microprocessor System Design 3-6
1.3 System block diagram
•ROM (Read Only Memory)
(start-up program)
•RAM (Random Access Memory)
•Crystal oscillator P + •Bus controller
•DRAM (Dynamic RAM) -
•Timing circuitry associated •Bus drivers high capacity, refresh needed
(counters dividing to logic •SRAM (Static RAM) - low
lower frequencies) •Coprocessor
circuitry: power, fast, easy to interface
Timing CPU Memory
System bus (data, address & control signals)
Parallel I/O Serial I/O Interrupt circuitry
Many wires, fast. Simple (only two wires At external unexpected events,
•Printer (high resolution) + ground) but slow. P has to interrupt the main
•External memory •Printer (low resolution) program execution, service the
•Floppy Disk •Modem interrupt request (obviously a
•Hard Disk •Operator’s console short subroutine) and retake
•Compact Disk •Mainframe the main program from the
•Other high speed devices •Personal computer point where it was interrupt.
The Personal Computer
Speaker
Processor Coprocessor
Timer (8086 (8087
logic trough trough System 640KB
(8253) Pentium 80387 ROM DRAM
System bus (data, address & control signals)
Keyboard DMA Expansion Interrupt
logic (8253) Controller logic logic (8259)
(8237)
Video card
Disk controller
Serial port
Keyboard ...
Extension slots
Applications of Microprocessor-Based Systems
Microcontrollers
A microcontroller is a simple
computer implemented in a
RAM ROM
single VLSI chip. OSC.
In general, microcontrollers
CPU
are cheap and have low I/O port
performance
Timer USART
Microcontrollers are widely
used in industrial control, Interrupt A/D, D/A
automobile and home
applications
Block diagram of a microcontroller
Microprocessor System Design 3-9
Applications of Microprocessor-Based Systems
ASICs
http://www.ti.com
Microprocessors are embedded
into ASIC chips to implement
complex functions
In general, it requires that
the microprocessors have
low power consumption and
take small silicon area
A TI baseband chip for cellular
phone applications
Microprocessor System Design 3-10
Class Objectives
Hardware architecture of microprocessor-based systems
Microprocessor architecture
Memory organization
I/O units of microprocessor-based systems
How to put them together
Programming of microprocessor-based systems
Intel 80x86 instruction set
Microprocessor Interrupt services
Assembly language programming
Microprocessor System Design 3-11
Overview
&
Review
Microprocessor System Design 3-12
Overview
Intel 8088 facts
20 bit address bus allow accessing VDD (5V)
1 M memory locations
16-bit internal data bus and 8-bit
20-bit
external data bus. Thus, it need 8-bit data
address
two read (or write) operations to
read (or write) a 16-bit datum control
8088 control
signals
Byte addressable and byte-swapping signals
To 8088 from 8088
Word: 5A2F
CLK
18001 5A High byte of word
GND
18000 2F Low byte of word
8088 signal classification
Memory locations
Microprocessor System Design 3-13
Organization of 8088
Address bus (20 bits)
AH AL General purpose
BH BL register
CH CL
Execution Unit
DH DL
(EU) Data bus
SP CS (16 bits)
Segment
BP register DS
SI SS
DI ALU Data bus ES
(16 bits)
IP
Bus
control
ALU Instruction Queue External bus
EU
control
Flag register
Bus Interface Unit (BIU)
Microprocessor System Design 3-14
General Purpose Registers
15 8 7 0
AX AH AL Accumulator
BX BH BL Base
Data Group
CX CH CL Counter
DX DH DL Data
SP Stack Pointer
BP Base Pointer
Pointer and
Index Group
SI Source Index
DI Destination Index
Microprocessor System Design 3-15
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
A B F Y
n bits n bits
0 0 0 A+B
0 0 1 A -B
Carry
0 1 0 A -1
Y= 0 ? F 0 1 1 A and B
1 0 0 A or B
A>B?
1 0 1 not A
Y
Signal F control which function will be conducted by ALU.
Signal F is generated according to the current instruction.
Basic arithmetic operations: addition, subtraction,
Basic logic operations: and, or, xor, shifting,
Microprocessor System Design 3-16
Flag Register
Flag register contains information reflecting the current status of a
microprocessor. It also contains information which controls the
operation of the microprocessor.
15 0
OF DF IF TF SF ZF AF PF CF
Control Flags Status Flags
IF: Interrupt enable flag CF: Carry flag
DF: Direction flag PF: Parity flag
TF: Trap flag AF: Auxiliary carry flag
ZF: Zero flag
SF: Sign flag
OF: Overflow flag
Microprocessor System Design 3-17
Instruction Machine Codes
Instruction machine codes are binary numbers
For Example:
1000100011000011 MOV AL, BL
Register
MOV
mode
Machine code structure
Opcode Mode Operand1 Operand2
Some instructions do not have operands, or have only one operand
Opcode tells what operation is to be performed.
(EU control logic generates ALU control signals according to Opcode)
Mode indicates the type of a instruction: Register type, or Memory type
Operands tell what data should be used in the operation. Operands can
be addresses telling where to get data (or where to store results)
Microprocessor System Design 3-18
EU Operation
1. Fetch an instruction from instruction
queue AH AL General purpose
BH BL register
2. According to the instruction, EU control CH CL
logic generates control signals. DH DL
(This process is also referred to as instruction SP
BP
decoding)
SI
DI ALU Data bus
3. Depending on the control signal, (16 bits)
EU performs one of the following
operations:
An arithmetic operation ALU
EU
A logic operation control instruction
Flag register 1011000101001010
Storing a datum into a register
Moving a datum from a register
Changing flag register
Microprocessor System Design 3-19
Generating Memory Addresses
How can a 16-bit microprocessor generate 20-bit memory addresses?
Left shift 4 bits
FFFFF
16-bit register 0000 Addr1 + 0FFFF
Segment
+ 16-bit register Offset
Addr1
Offset
(64K)
20-bit memory address Segment
address
00000
Intel 80x86 memory address generation 1M memory space
Microprocessor System Design 3-20
Memory Segmentation
A segment is a 64KB block of memory starting from any 16-byte
boundary
For example: 00000, 00010, 00020, 20000, 8CE90, and E0840 are all valid
segment addresses
The requirement of starting from 16-byte boundary is due to the 4-bit
left shifting
Segment registers in BIU
15 0
CS Code Segment
DS Data Segment
SS Stack Segment
ES Extra Segment
Microprocessor System Design 3-21
Memory Address Calculation
Segment addresses must be stored 0000
Segment address
in segment registers
Offset is derived from the combination + Offset
of pointer registers, the Instruction Memory address
Pointer (IP), and immediate values
Examples
CS 3 4 8 A 0 SS 5 0 0 0 0
IP + 4 2 1 4 SP + F F E 0
Instruction address 3 8 A B 4 Stack address 5 F F E 0
DS 1 2 3 4 0
DI + 0 0 2 2
Data address 1 2 3 6 2
Microprocessor System Design 3-22
Fetching Instructions
Where to fetch the next instruction?
8088 Memory
CS 1234
IP 0012 12352 MOV AL, 0
12352
Update IP
— After an instruction is fetched, Register IP is updated as follows:
IP = IP + Length of the fetched instruction
— For Example: the length of MOV AL, 0 is 2 bytes. After fetching this instruction,
the IP is updated to 0014
Microprocessor System Design 3-23
Accessing Data Memory
There is a number of methods to generate the memory address when
accessing data memory. These methods are referred to as
Addressing Modes
Examples:
— Direct addressing: MOV AL, [0300H]
DS 1 2 3 4 0 (assume DS=1234H)
0 3 0 0
Memory address 1 2 6 4 0
— Register indirect addressing: MOV AL, [SI]
DS 1 2 3 4 0 (assume DS=1234H)
0 3 1 0 (assume SI=0310H)
Memory address 1 2 6 5 0
Microprocessor System Design 3-24
Reserved Memory Locations
Some memory locations are reserved for special purposes.
Programs should not be loaded in these areas
FFFFF
Locations from FFFF0H to FFFFFH Reset FFFF0
are used for system reset code instruction
area
Locations from 00000H to 003FFH
Interrupt
are used for the interrupt pointer table
pointer
It has 256 table entries table
Each table entry is 4 bytes
003FF
256 4 = 1024 = memory addressing space
From 00000H to 003FFH 00000
Microprocessor System Design 3-25
Interrupts
An interrupt is an event that occurs while the processor is executing a program
The interrupt temporarily suspends execution of the program and switch the
processor to executing a special routine (interrupt service routine)
When the execution of interrupt service routine is complete, the processor
resumes the execution of the original program
Interrupt classification
Hardware Interrupts Software Interrupts
Caused by activating the processor’s Caused by the execution of an INT
interrupt control signals (NMI, instruction
INTR) Caused by an event which is
generated
by the execution of a program, such
as division by zero
8088 can have 256 interrupts
Microprocessor System Design 3-26
