Pengendalian Bahan Kimia Berbahaya
By:
Mohd Shahriwan Idris
Seminar Towards Safe And Healthy Working Culture
Johor Skills Development Centre (PUSPATRI)
17 July 2009
Hotel Selesa, Pasir Gudang
Person At Work
• Bacteria/Virus • Mechanical
• SARS/Aids/Bloodborne • Electrical
Pathogen/Influenza • Ergonomic
• Noise
• Heat
• Pressure
• Sexual harrestment • Height
• Work pressure
• Family • Hazardous chemicals/gaseous/dust
• Drug/alcohol • Odor/Mist/Vapor
Philosophy And Principles
Legal requirement pertaining to hazardous
chemicals to health in Malaysia:
Factories And Machinery Act 1967
Environmental Quality Act 1974
Petroleum (Safety Measures) Act 1984
Occupational Safety And Health Act 1994
OSHA 1994
Control Of Industrial Major Use & Standards Of
Accident Hazard Regulations Exposure Of Chemicals
1996 Hazardous To Health
Regulations 2000
Guidelines
Control of hazardous chemicals
Labeling of hazardous chemicals
Monitoring of airborne contaminants
CHRA
Classification, Packaging Classification of hazardous chemicals
& Labeling Regulations Medical surveillance
1997 MSDS formulation
Preparation chemical register
PPE against chemical hazards
HIRARC
Chemicals Hazardous To Health
Listed in Schedule I of the Occupational Safety And
Health (Use And Standards Of Exposure Of Chemicals
Hazardous To Health) Regulations 2000;
Possesses any of the properties categorized in part B
of Schedule I of the Occupational Safety And Health
(Classification, Packaging And Labeling) Regulations
1997;
Comes within the definition of “pesticides” under the
Pesticides Act 1974;
Is listed in the First Schedule of the Environmental
Quality (Scheduled Wastes) Regulations 2005
Principles Of Health Risk Control
1 st Principle
All hazards can be control in some manner and to some
degree
2 nd Principle
There are usually many alternate methods of control
3 rd Principle
Some methods are better than others
4 th Principle
Some situations will require more than one
control method to obtain optimum results
Practicable
Have been used on Regulation 14 with respect to the reduction of
exposure to the lowest practicable level. The practicability depends
on four factors as follows:
The severity of the hazards or risk in questions
The state of knowledge about the hazard or risk and any way
of removing or mitigating the hazard or risk
The availability and suitability of
ways to remove or mitigate the
hazard or risk; and
The cost of removing or
mitigating
the hazard or risk
Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL)
Reg. 6 (I) Part III of USECHH 2000
Employer to ensure exposure to person to any
chemicals hazardous to health listed in Schedule I at
no time exceed the ceiling limit.
How to measure exposure limit is exceeded or not ?
PEL – ceiling limit or an eight-hour time-weighted
average airborne concentration or maximum exposure
limit.
Monitoring – PEL or MEL
PEL do not represent safe level.
Keep the level of exposure as
low as practicable.
Control Measures Under Reg. 15
1. Elimination Of Hazard / Risk
Work activity/process involve use of a hazardous
chemicals that is not essential, eliminate wherever
practicable.
Using a physical process rather than a chemical
process to clean an object, eg. Ultrasonic
cleaning;
Using clips, clamps or bolts instead of an
adhesive;
Purchasing supplies of materials in already cut
and sized form rather than carrying out dust
producing cutting process on site.
Control Measures Under Reg. 15
2. Substitution
Substitute of materials
Replacing a chlorinated degreasing solvent
with detergent;
Using a water based paint in place of an organic solvent
based paint;
Using a chemical in paste or pallet form rather than a
dusty powder;
Using a lead free solder paste rather than a lead based
solder.
Substitute of process or equipment
Brush application of paint rather than aerosol
application;
Dipping in a paint bath rather than spray painting.
Control Measures Under Reg. 15
3. Isolation
Removing the source of hazard exposure from workers by:
Placing the source in another location
Enclosing or shielding the source with physical barrier
Automating the process in a closed system or separation by
distance or the use of barrier to prevent exposure;
Removal and storage of materials in a separate location.
Examples of application:
Tank farms separated from the process area
Automated process are used in chemical
processing and petroleum refining
Heat barriers and soundproof enclosures
Removal of worker to a control room that is
separate from the processing plant/area.
Control Measures Under Reg. 15
4. Engineering Control
Plant, process or equipment that minimize the generation of
hazardous substances, suppress or contain hazardous
substances or limit the area of contamination in the event of
spill or leak.
Ventilated booth for spray
painting
Robot welding
LEV attached to grinding
machines
Automation of the removal of
objects from degreasing baths
Closed reaction vessels
Form Of Safe Work Of System
Capture Velocity
Design The velocity that that is necessary
- Approved by P.E. to control the contaminant at the
- Built according to design farthest distance from the hood.
specifications Determined by:
- Tested by P.E. - Velocity & direction
- Quantity of contaminants
- Secondary air current
- Toxicity
- Size of exhaust hood
- Escape point
LEV
Concept – remove contaminants at source
Record Keeping
- Kept by employer
Test, Inspect, Examination & Maintenance
- Inspected at appropriate
- By Hygiene Tech. intervals by employer which
- Defined intervals not more than 12 months shall not be longer than one
month
Control Measures Under Reg. 15
5. Safe Work System And Practices
Is a formal work procedures in order to identify all
hazards, eliminate it and minimized risks.
It integrates men, machineries and materials.
Documented hazard precautions – use in OJT.
General duties of employer under Section 15 of
OSHA 1994.
Control Measures Under Reg. 15
Component of safe system of work – People, Machinery, Plant, Equipment,
Materials, Environment & Place Of Work
Assess the risk
- What is used? Identify the hazards
Monitor the - Who does what?
- JSA / HIRARC -
system - Where the task carried out?
Inspection/audit
- How the task is done?
- Periodic check - Procedures
- System OK - Reports
- Carried effectively - Records
- Changes require
Steps To Safe - Feedback
alteration System Of Work
Define safe methods
Implement the
- Consider preparation & authorization at the start of the job
system
- Ensure clear planning of job sequence
- Specify safe work method -
Include mean of access & escape if relevant -
Consider the task of dismantling, disposal at the end of the job
Form Of Safe Work Of System
Define the work
HIGH RISK
PTW How to make it safe
- Confined space Identify hazard
- Hot work Precaution taken
Describes checking method
- Working at height Identify Responsibilities
- Electrical work
LOTO
Locking off means machines is put to a safe condition by a
person (s) about to make adjustment or perform certain
maintenance function
Safe Operating Procedures
Written system detailing step by step instruction on how to
perform a task safely
Rules & Procedures
Verbal
LOW RISK
Control Measures Under Reg. 15
6. Personal Protective Equipment
Most of employers choice.
Very simple – settle most of the hazard/risk.
Cheap
Did not eliminate hazard/risk.
Use with other control measures.
Control Of Carcinogens
What is Carcinogen?
Chemical substances which have been identified as suspected or
established carcinogens or substances associated with industrial processes
which have been identified under Schedule II, Regulation 27(2) and
classified as carcinogens in CLP Regulations 1997.
How To Control Exposure To Carcinogen?
Total enclosure
Minimize & control spills, leaks, dust, fumes & vapors at plant or process
Limit quantities at place of work
Minimized person exposure
Prohibit eating, drinking and smoking at carcinogenic area
Hygiene measures – washing facilities & regular cleaning of walls
Warning signs on carcinogenic areas
Safe storage, handling & disposal – closed and clearly labeled containers
Other Control Measures
General Procedure
- Use valid & suitable techniques.
- When & how monitoring to be
- Quantitative estimation of exposure.
done.
- Results compared to exposure
- Sampling procedure & analytical
standard.
method.
- Approved method of analysis.
- Frequency.
- Determine the effectiveness of control
- How results to be interpreted.
measure.
Monitoring
Legal Requirement Record
- CHRA by an approved Assessor. - Kept in any form.
- Monitoring exposure done by a - Readily retrievable &
Hygiene Technician. understood.
- Monitoring chemicals under Schedule - Can be compared with any
II – interval not more than 6 month. health records required under
- Maintain record of monitoring for at the health surveillance
least 30 years. requirements.
Occupational Medical Surveillance
Component Of Medical
Health Surveillance Surveillance
- Periodic medical examination
Any examination and investigations to detect
- Biological monitoring and biological effect
exposure levels and early biological effects and
monitoring
responses, and includes biological monitoring,
- Health effects monitoring
biological effect monitoring, medical
- Investigation of occupational disease and
surveillance, enquires about symptoms of
poisoning including workplace
occupational poisoning or occupational disease
inspections
and review of records and occupational history.
- Notification of occupational disease and
poisoning
- Assist in disability assessment
- Return to work examination after medical
Medical Surveillance removal protection.
- Record keeping and monitoring
Monitoring of a person for the purpose of
identifying changes in health status due to
occupational exposure to chemicals hazardous
to health.
Information, Instruction And Training
Nature & degree of risk to health – substance involved &
factors that may increase the risk
Control measures adopted – reason, how to use properly
Reason for PPE & clothing – what job necessary
Monitoring procedures – arrangement for access to results
and notification if a maximum exposure limits exceeded
Health surveillance – duty to attend, arrangement for access to
individual health records and the collective results of health
surveillance.
Records – documented
Review – at least once in 2 years, changes in hazard /
chemicals & assigned a new task/area.
Labeling And Re-labeling
Labeling
Easy identification by product name during handling.
According to CPL Regulations 1997 & Guidelines on the Labeling Of
Hazardous Chemical 1998
Re-labeling
When the labels are removed, defaced, modified or altered while the
chemical hazardous to health is being used.
Chemical is transferred to another container other than the original
container.
Re-labeling requirement depend on whether the substance is consumed
immediately or over a longer period of time.
If used within a normal shift – label with the chemical name of trade name as
per the original label. The container need not to be re-labeled if the chemical
is used immediately.
Container containing pesticides & scheduled wastes – shall be re-labeled in
accordance with the requirements of each relevant legal requirement.
Chemical Safety Data Sheet (CSDS)
Access To CSDS – Safe Handling Of
Keep At Place For Hazardous Chemicals
Easy Access
Copies Readily
Available For
Reference/Training
Hard Copy Or Soft
Copy
Latest Revision
Warning Signs
• Posted at every entrance
• Other relevant information are
given – likely to be at risk
• Illuminated & cleaned – readily
visible
Features Of Warning Signs:
- Give warning of the hazard
- Both language
- Attract attention
Standard Specifications:
- MS 980
- MS 981
- MS 982
- MS 983
Method Of Exposure
How Can Chemical Hazardous To Health Enters A
Human Body?
1. Menghidu (Inhalation)
2. Penyerapan Melalui Kulit (Skin
Absorption) – Mata Atau Kulit
3. Tertelan (Ingestion)
4. Cara Lain?
Health Effect Of Chemicals
Hazardous To Health
Acute Effect)
Chronic/Long Term Effect
Reversible Effect
Irreversible Effect
Factors Influence Toxicity Hazardous Chemical
Chemicals Human
• Route of exposure • Age
• Type of chemical • Sex
• Physicochemical • Allergies
properties
• Genetic make-up
• Duration of exposure
• Concentration of exposure • Immunological status
• Effects of chemicals • Nutritional status
interaction • Concurrent disease
