Fundamentals of
Database Management
Systems
Prof. Mandeep Gupta
Data vs. information:
What is data? What is information?
Information is data that have
Data can be defined in
been organized and
many ways. Information
communicated in a logical and
science defines data as
meaningful manner.
unprocessed information.
Or it can be defined as a
Data is converted into
set of isolated and information, and information is
unrelated raw facts, converted into knowledge.
represented by values Knowledge; The ability to use
which have no or little information in a meaningful
meaning, simply because manners. Information evaluated
they lack a context (base) and organized so that it can be
for evaluation for example used purposefully.
Monica, 35, Manager
What is a database
A database is any organized collection of
data. Some examples of databases you
may encounter in your daily life are:
a telephone book
T.V. Guide
airline reservation system
motor vehicle registration records
papers in your filing cabinet
files on your computer hard drive.
Why do we need a DBMS?
Reduction in data redundancy.
Reduction in Inconsistency.
Sharing of data.
Enforcement of standards.
Improvement of data security.
Efficient systems.
Cost Efficiency
What is the ultimate purpose of
a database management
system?
Is to transform
Data Information Knowledge Action
Data Base Management
Systems
A database management system (DBMS) such as
Access, FileMaker, Lotus Notes, Oracle or SQL
Server which provides you with the software
tools you need to organize that data in a flexible
manner. It includes tools to add, modify or
delete data from the database, ask questions (or
queries) about the data stored in the database
and produce reports summarizing selected
contents.
Some Definitions
Data/Cell: Value in one cell.
A Field/ Column : one category of information or It holds one piece
of information about an item or subject i.e., Name, Address,
Semester Grade, Academic topic
A record/Row: A record is a collection of multiple related fields that
can be treated as one unit , i.e., one student's information, a recipe,
a test question
A File/Table: A group or collection of similar records, like a
collection of all the employees record of a company would be an
employees file or a file containing all the information about the
students of a college would be student file.
Students File
Admission Roll Number Name Section Hostel
Number
10001 1 Rohan A Chankaya
10002 2 Mohan A Chankaya
10003 3 Mohan A Maurya
Sharma
Other Useful terms
Primary Key :- A Primary key (also called a record
key) is the attribute that uniquely identifies a specific
record. They are usually of numeric or alphanumeric
modes, e.g., customer number.
Foreign Key :-A foreign key is a combination of one or
more column in a table that references a primary key
in another table
Candidate Key:- A key which can become primary
key.
Other Type of Keys
Alternate key :- Any candidate key other
then the one chosen as a primary key is
known as alternate key.
Composite Key: is a key composed of
more than one column.
Secondary key:- is a key used to speed up
the searches and retrieval but it may
contains duplicates value like Name .
Students File
Admission Roll Name Section Hostel
Number Number
10001 PGDM1001 Rohan A Chankaya
10002 PGDM1002 Mohan A Chankaya
10003 PGDM 1003 Mohan A Maurya
Sharma
Fee Records
Admission Total Fee Fee paid Fee Due Due data
Number
10001 600000 400000 200000 1 Sept
10002 600000 450000 150000 10 Sept
10003 600000 300000 300000 12 Sept
Data Dictionary
It defines the basic organization of a database. It
contains the list of all files in the database, the
number of records in each file and the names
and type of each files in the database. Data
Dictionaries do not contain any actual data from
the database, but only the bookkeeping
information for managing it. It mainly useful to
ensure consistency among the data items, to
educate users about the database contents and
to help ensure that different deptt. defines the
data items in same way
Logical Data Concepts
Entity :Represented by rectangle shape
It is an object about which data is collected
.It may be tangible things like name of
person, Place etc. or an intangible things
like job title or a customer account. In
DBMS entities are tables.
Attribute
Represented by Elliptical shape and it
describes the characteristics or properties
of entities. In DBMS , it is columns .
Relationship:
Represented by Diamonds. It is an
association, dependency, links between
two or more entities.
Example :- A customer buys goods
Code Name
Code Price
Customer Goods Goods
Brought
Types of Relationships
One to One(1:1):- One record in a table is
related to only one record in another table.
Example:- A department cannot be
headed by two department head.
Deptt. 1 Deptt. Head 1
Deptt. 2 Deptt. Head 2
One to Many(1:M)
One record of a table can be related to
many records in another table. For
example : a father may have more children
but one child has only one father.
Child 1
Father
Child 2
Many to Many(M:M)
One or more records in a table can be
related to one or more records in another
table: Customer 1
T.V
Customer 2
VCD Player
Customer 3
Physical Data Concepts
Sequential Files
Direct Files
Indexed Files
File oriented Vs DBMS
approach
Data redundancy.
Inconsistency in Data.
Sharing of data.
Enforcement of standards.
Data Security.
Efficient systems.
Cost Efficiency
