S3 Computer Literacy
Internet Technology
Connecting to the Internet –
Hardware Requirement
MODEM
56K or Broadband
MOdulation and DEModulation
Telephone Line
Connecting to the Internet - ISP
ISP – Internet Service Provider( 互聯
網服務供應商 )
What has ISP done for you?
It sends and receives data for you.
It provides a connection between you an
d the other of the Internet.
As shown in the animation below, the da
ta is in fact handled by a number of ISP.
Animation for connection to the Internet
Is ISP running the Internet?
No single organization runs the
Internet.
It is a large network of networks.
These networks are linked by high-
speed communication channels called
backbones.
Each Internet computer, called a
host, is independent.
Connecting to the Internet –
Type of Access
Dial-up Access( 撥號上網 )
It needs
a telephone line
MODEM
User
dials a telephone number given by the ISP to c
onnect to the server of the ISP.
a user name and password to authenticate th
e user.
User can access hosts on the Internet
Data transfer rate maximum of 56Kbps.
Connecting to the Internet –
Type of Access
Broadband Access
Its speed is measured in Mbps (i.e.
Mega bit per second)
Unlike dial-up access, it requires a
network card / LAN card but no
modem required.
Broadband Access - ADSL
ADSL
a technology for transmitting digital infor
mation at a high bandwidth on existing p
hone lines to homes and businesses.
ISP adopting this technology in HK:
Netvigator ( 網上行 )
Get to the Internet
PPPoE
Some broadband Internet service provid
ers (ISPs) identify your computer on thei
r networks using Point to Point Protocol o
ver Ethernet (PPPoE). If your ISP require
s you to supply a name and password to
access the Internet, it most likely uses th
is protocol ( 議定 ).
Broadband Access - ADSL
ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line)
Asymmetric ( 不對稱 ) between downl
oad speed is faster.
Download Speed – 1.5Mbps to 8Mbps
Upload Speed – 16Kbps to 640Kbps
Components – Network card, ADSL MOD
EM, Telephone Line
Broadband Access –
Cable TV Network
Cable TV Network
A Cable MODEM is used to enables user
to connect the PC to a local cable TV line
and receive data at about 10Mbps.
ISP adopting this technology in HK:
iCable ( 有線寬頻 )
Broadband Access –
Cable TV Network
Cable TV Network
Download and upload speed are the
same, but the bandwidth (10Mbps) is
shared among users at the same
location(e.g. the same building)
Hardware used – Network Card, Cable
MODEM
Broadband vs Dial-up Access
Faster connection speed – up to 1.5M
bps to 10Mbps.
No dialing required.
Simultaneous use of data and voice
connections
ie: unlike dial-up access, user can talk o
n the phone while surfing the Internet.
How can we share Internet
access in a LAN to a
Broadband?
A router( 路由器 ) is needed to connect
a LAN to the Internet.
It will share the broadband access fro
m one Internet account among all use
rs in the LAN.
Communication Protocol –
TCP/IP
TCP/IP
communication protocol of the Internet
set of rules used in message transmission
on the Internet.
computers need to use the same protocol
if they need to communicate
TCP and IP
Advantages of TCP/IP
If we send the whole file without
breaking it into packets,
the whole message then has to be re-
sent if the full message fails to reach its
destination
if it is broken down into packets, then
only the packet that fail to be sent are
resent.
Packet Animation
Advantages of TCP/IP
Transmission of data is not affected
by the failure of any path:
there are more than one path. Packets of
data can be routed around the problem.
the load of the line is evenly distributed.
As long as the operating system
supports TCP/IP, the computers can
communicate through LAN and
Internet.
TCP Animation
IP Address
It identifies every host (computer) in
any network.
When a packet is transmitted over
the Internet, it must carry the
addresses of the sender and
receiver computers so that the
routers can choose the best path.
IP Address – Format
The IP address system currently
using is called the IPv4 addressing
system.
Question regarding IP Address
What is the range of the each set of
numbers?
As each computer in the Internet has
a unique IP address, how many
computer can be represented in the
Internet?
What can we do if the number of IP
addresses is not enough?
Real IP and Virtual IP
Imagine if there are not enough IP
addresses in a network, what can we
do?
The solution is to use Virtual IP.
How Virtual IP works
Some of the IP addresses are reserved for
private network (ie: LAN). E.g. 10.X.X.X or
192.168.X.X
The router will not route these IPs to the
Internet, ie: it will route the data sending to
these IPs inside the LAN.
Static IP and Dynamic IP
Static IP
IP addresses that are fixed every time
when the user connect to the Internet.
Dynamic IP
IP addresses that changes every time
the user connect to the Internet.
Domain Name System (DNS)
At the command window, type in the command
“ping www.google.com.hk”, what did you find?
Why?
To connect to a specific computer, we need to
know its IP address.
Connect to the Yahoo! webpage, we need to kn
ow its address, ie: type http://68.142.226.41 i
n the Internet browser.
It is inconvenient to remember the meaningles
s IP address.
DNS Server
DNS Server responsible for translating t
he address into the corresponding IP ad
dress.
Try to get to the nba.com
Web Server
Web Server is a computer that
delivers Web pages.
A computer can become a web server
by installing Web Server Program like
Apache and IIS (Internet Information
Server)
Web Browser
A software application used to displa
y Web pages.
Two most popular browsers are Netsc
ape Navigator and Microsoft Internet
Explorer (IE).
Plug-in ( 外掛程式 )
The browser cannot play all format of au
dio or video files, so a plug-in program is
needed to add support to these types of
files.
Case studies
If the hosts (PCs) can communicate well in the
LAN but they have difficulties to get to the Inte
rnet, what would be the problem?
If you are a teacher and you have saved some
document in a PC at school. You have checked
the IP address of this PC is 10.62.43.55, are yo
u able to get access to this PC at your home, w
hy?
Your PC at home cannot access to the web pag
es, e.g. www.yahoo.com.hk, however, your ISP
tells you that your connection to the Internet w
orks fine, what would be the problem?
