Introduction to UML
Jayant Shrivastava, TCS
September 6, 2010 TCS Public
Overview
What is Modeling?
What is UML?
A brief history of UML
Understanding the basics of UML
UML diagrams
UML Modeling tools
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Modeling
Describing a system at a high level of abstraction
A model of the system
Used for requirements and specifications
Is it necessary to model software systems?
Necessary to manage complexity
Good for quick understanding of the systems
Less chances of conflicting views b/w end-user and system designers
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What is UML?
UML stands for “Unified Modeling Language”
It is a industry-standard graphical language for specifying, visualizing,
constructing and documenting the artifacts of software systems
The UML uses mostly graphical notations to express the OO analysis
and design of software projects.
Simplifies the complex process of software design
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Why UML for Modeling ?
Use graphical notation to communicate more clearly than natural language
(imprecise) and code (too detailed).
Help acquire an overall view of a system.
UML is not dependent on any one language or technology.
UML moves us from fragmentation to standardization.
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History of UML
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Types of UML Diagrams
Use Case Diagram
Class Diagram
Sequence Diagram
Collaboration Diagram
State Diagram
This is only a subset of diagrams … but are most widely used
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Use Case Diagram
Used for describing a set of user scenarios
Mainly used for capturing user requirements
Work like a contract between end user and software developers
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Use Case Diagram (core components)
Actors: A role that a user plays with respect to the system,including human
users and other systems. e.g.,inanimate physical objects (e.g. robot); an
external system that needs some information from the current system.
Use case: A set of scenarios that describing an interaction between a user and
a system, including alternatives.
System boundary: rectangle diagram representing the boundary between the
actors and the system.
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Use Case Diagram (core relationship)
Include: a dotted line labeled <<include>> beginning at base use case and
ending with an arrows pointing to the include use case. The include relationship
occurs when a chunk of behavior is similar across more than one use case. Use
“include” in stead of copying the description of that behavior.
<<include>>
Extend: a dotted line labeled <<extend>> with an arrow toward the base case.
The extending use case may add behavior to the base use case. The base class
declares “extension points”.
<<extend>>
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Use Case Diagram (core relationship)
Association: communication between an actor and a use case; Represented by
a solid line.
Generalization: relationship between one general use case and a special use
case (used for defining special alternatives), Represented by a line with a
triangular arrow head toward the parent use case.
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Use Case Diagrams
A generalized description of how a system will be used.
Provides an overview of the intended functionality of the system
Boundary Use Case
Actor
Library System
Borrow
Employee
Client
Order Title
Fine Remittance
Supervisor
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Use Case Diagrams (cont.)
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Use Case Diagrams (cont.)
Pay Bill is a parent use case and Bill Insurance is the child use case.
(generalization)
Both Make Appointment and Request Medication include Check Patient
Record as a subtask.(include)
The extension point is written inside the base case
Pay bill; the extending class Defer payment adds the behavior of this extension
point. (extend)
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Class diagram
Used for describing structure and behavior in the use cases
Provide a conceptual model of the system in terms of entities and their
relationships
Used for requirement capture, end-user interaction
Detailed class diagrams are used for developers
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Class representation
Each class is represented by a rectangle subdivided into three compartments
Name
Attributes
Operations
Modifiers are used to indicate visibility of attributes and operations.
‘+’ is used to denote Public visibility (everyone)
‘#’ is used to denote Protected visibility (friends and derived)
‘-’ is used to denote Private visibility (no one)
By default, attributes are hidden and operations are visible.
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An example of Class
Name
Account_Name
- Customer_Name
Attributes
- Balance
+addFunds( ) Operations
+withDraw( )
+transfer( )
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OO Relationships
There are two kinds of Relationships
Generalization (parent-child relationship)
Association (student enrolls in course)
Associations can be further classified as
Aggregation
Composition
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OO Relationships: Generalization
Supertype Example: Customer
Regular Loyalty
Customer Customer
Subtype1 Subtype2
or: Customer
Generalization expresses a parent/child
relationship among related classes.
Used for abstracting details in several Regular Loyalty
Customer Customer
layers
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OO Relationships: Association
Represent relationship between instances of classes
Student enrolls in a course
Courses have students
Courses have exams
Etc.
Association has two ends
Role names (e.g. enrolls)
Multiplicity (e.g. One course can have many students)
Navigability (unidirectional, bidirectional)
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Association: Multiplicity and Roles
student
1 *
University Person
0..1 *
employer teacher
Multiplicity Role
Symbol Meaning
1 One and only one
Role
0..1 Zero or one “A given university groups many people;
some act as students, others as teachers.
M..N From M to N (natural language)
A given student belongs to a single
* From zero to any positive integer university; a given teacher may or may not
0..* From zero to any positive integer be working for the university at a particular
1..* From one to any positive integer time.”
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Class Diagram
Name Order class
-dateReceived
Multiplicity: mandatory
Attributes -isPrepaid Customer
-number :String
-price : Money
* 1 -name
-address
+dispatch() Association +creditRating() : String()
Operations +close()
1
{if Order.customer.creditRating is Generalization
"poor", then Order.isPrepaid must
be true }
Corporate Customer Personal Customer
-contactName -creditCard#
Constraint -creditRating
-creditLimit
Multiplicity: (inside braces{}}
+remind()
+billForMonth(Integer)
Many value
0..1
Multiplicity:
optional *
Employee
*
OrderLine
-quantity: Integer 1
-price: Money * Product
-isSatisfied: Boolean
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Association: Model to Implementation
* 4
Student Course
has enrolls
• Class Student {
• Course enrolls[4];
•}
• Class Course {
• Student have[];
•}
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OO Relationships: Composition
Composition: expresses a relationship among instances
of related classes. It is a specific kind of Whole-Part Whole Class
relationship. Class W
It expresses a relationship where an instance of the
Whole-class has the responsibility to create and initialize
instances of each Part-class.
It may also be used to express a relationship where instances Class P1 Class P2
of the Part-classes have privileged access or visibility to
certain attributes and/or behaviors defined by the
Whole-class.
Part Classes
Composition should also be used to express relationship where
instances of the Whole-class have exclusive access to and
control of instances of the Part-classes. Example
Automobile
Composition should be used to express a relationship where
the behavior of Part instances is undefined without being
related to an instance of the Whole. And, conversely, the
behavior of the Whole is ill-defined or incomplete if one or
more of the Part instances are undefined. Engine Transmission
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OO Relationships: Aggregation
Aggregation: expresses a relationship among instances Container Class
of related classes. It is a specific kind of Container-Containee
relationship. Class C
AGGREGATION
It expresses a relationship where an instance of the
Container-class has the responsibility to hold and maintain
instances of each Containee-class that have been created
outside the auspices of the Container-class. Class E1 Class E2
Aggregation should be used to express a more informal
relationship than composition expresses. That is, it is an Containee Classes
appropriate relationship where the Container and its
Containees can be manipulated independently.
Aggregation is appropriate when Container and Containees
Example
have no special access privileges to each other. Bag
Apples Milk
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Aggregation vs. Composition
Composition is really a strong form of aggregation
components have only one owner
components cannot exist independent of their owner
components live or die with their owner
e.g. Each car has an engine that can not be shared with other cars.
Aggregations may form "part of" the aggregate, but may not be essential
to it. They may also exist independent of the aggregate.
e.g. Apples may exist independent of the bag.
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Sequence Diagram (make a phone call)
Caller Phone Recipient
Picks up
Dial tone
Dial
Ring notification Ring
Picks up
Hello
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Sequence Diagram :Object interaction
Self-Call:
Self-Call A message that an A B
Object sends to itself.
Synchronous
Condition: indicates when a message is sent.
The message is sent only if the condition is true. Asynchronous
Transmission
delayed
[condition] remove()
Condition
*[for each] remove()
Iteration
Self-Call
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Sequence Diagrams – Object Life Spans
Creation A
Create message
Object life starts at that point
Activation Create
B
Symbolized by rectangular stripes
Place on the lifeline where object is activated.
Rectangle also denotes when object is deactivated.
Deletion
Placing an ‘X’ on lifeline
Object’s life ends at that point
Activation bar
X
Return
Deletion
Lifeline
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Sequence Diagram
Sequence diagrams demonstrate the Us er Catalog Res ervations
behavior of objects in a use case
1: look up ()
by describing the objects and the
2: title data ()
messages they pass.
The horizontal dimension shows 3: [not available] res erve title ()
the objects participating in the 4 : title returned ()
interaction.
5: hold title ()
The vertical arrangement of
5 : title available ()
messages indicates their order.
The labels may contain the seq. 6 : borrow title ()
# to indicate concurrency. 6 : rem ove res ervation ()
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Interaction Diagrams: Collaboration diagrams
start
6: remove reservation
3 : [not available] reserve title
User Reservations
5: title available
6 : borrow title
1: look up
2: title data
4 : title returned
Catalog
5 : hold title
Shows the relationship between objects and the order of messages passed between them.
The objects are listed as rectangles and arrows indicate the messages being passed
The numbers next to the messages are called sequence numbers. They show the sequence
of the messages as they are passed between the objects.
convey the same information as sequence diagrams, but focus on object roles instead of the time sequence.
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State Diagram (Billing Example)
State Diagrams show the sequences of states an object goes through during its life cycle
in response to stimuli, together with its responses and actions; an abstraction of all
possible behaviors.
Start End
Unpaid Paid
Invoice created payin Invoice destroying
g
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State Diagrams (Traffic light example)
Traffic Light Start
State
Transition Red
Yellow
Green
Event
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UML Modeling Tools
Rational Rose (www.rational.com) by IBM
TogetherSoft Control Center, Borland (http://
www.borland.com/together/index.html)
ArgoUML (free software) (http://argouml.tigris.org/ )
OpenSource; written in java
Others (http://www.objectsbydesign.com/tools/umltools_byCompany.html )
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THANK YOU
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