FDP Program on AEE6009
POWER ELECTRONICS FOR
RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS
R. Sridhar,
Assistant Professor (Selection Grade),
EEE Department SRM University,
[email protected] 9176652907
FDP VEC 1
Unit -III
• Solar: Block diagram of solar photo voltaic
system -Principle of operation: line
commutated converters (inversion-mode) -
Boost and buck-boost converters- selection of
inverter, battery sizing, array sizing
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Photovoltaic (PV) History
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PV History
…
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//’’ ‘.’/0/’0
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A Typical PV System
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PV Cell to Array Formation
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PV cell manufacturing
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India’s Largest PV Plant
S. NAME OF THE CAPACITY COMMISIONED ON
No. PLANT (MW)
1
Charanka
Solar Park - 221 Commissioned April 2012
Gujarat
2
Neemuch Solar
Plant -
151 Commissioned February 2014
Neemuch,
Rajasthan
3 Kamuthi Solar
Power Project, 648 Commissioned Dec 2016
Tamil Nadu
648 /250 = 25 lak 9
TYPES OF PV SYSTEMS
Stand-alone systems Hybrid systems Grid-tied systems
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PV Cell Equivalent
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Solar Panel Parameters
Important terminologies: STC, Insolation,
EEE Department Unit of irradiation
SRM University : W/m², SUNS 12
Solar Cell -A Tricky Source
Isc-short circuit current. Imp – max peak current
• Voc-open circuit voltage. Vmp -max peak voltage
• Peak power Pmax or Pmp STC standard test
conditions
P
A
N
Short Circuit
P
V
N
Open Circuit EEE Department SRM University 13
Characteristic Curves of PV
Module
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Modeling of PV system
• In order to study electronic converters for PV systems, one first needs
to know how to model the PV device that is attached to the converter.
• PV devices present a nonlinear I–V characteristic with several
parameters that need to be adjusted from experimental data of practical
devices.
• The mathematical model of the PV device may be useful in the study
of the dynamic analysis of converters, in the study of MPP tracking
(MPPT) algorithms, and mainly to simulate the PV system and its
components using circuit simulators
15
MODELING OF A PV CELL
The mathematical modeling of PV can be done in three ways:
1. SIMSCAPE Modeling
SPECIFICATIONS
2. Mathematical Equation Modeling
MAXIMUM POWER (Pmax): 100W
3. Embedded C- MATLAB Coding
Voltage at Max.Power (Vmp): 17.50V
Current at Max.Power (Imp): 5.71A
Open Circuit Voltage (Voc): 21.5V
Short Circuit Current (Isc):6.28A16
SIMSCAPE MODELING
• PV cell is realized as real time component .
• Physical signal converter is mandatory .
• Cells are arranged in series and parallel in accord to the required rating
.
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SIMSCAPE MODEL OF THE PV
PANEL
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SUB SYSTEM
Design Details
Each cell is of 0.6V 1.22 A
6*.6 =3.6 & 3.6* 6 =21.6
(SERIES CONNCETION)
1.22 A* 5 = 6.2 A
(PARALLEL CONNECTION)
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MATHEMATICAL EQUATION MODELLING
OF PV PANEL
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MATHEMATICAL MODELLING OF PV SYSTEM IN
SIMULINK ENVIRONMENT
21
MODELLING OF PV SYSTEM
USING EMBEDDED CODING
22
MATLAB CODING
23
PV CHARACTERISTICS
CURVE
24
Experimental Verification
SPECIFICATIONS FOR 100W
PANEL
MAXIMUM POWER (Pmax): 100W
Voltage at Max.Power (Vmp): 17.50V
Current at Max.Power (Imp): 5.71A
Open Circuit Voltage (Voc): 21.5V
25
Short Circuit Current (I ):6.28A
Experimental Verification
8
S.No Voltage (V) Current (A) 7
1 21.53 0.27 6
2 20.05 0.87
Current (A)
5
3 19.6 1.95
4
4 18.5 2.92
3
5 18 3.88
2
6 17.5 5.85
1
7 16.5 6.33
8 0
13 6.85 0 5 10 15 20 25
9 10 6.89 Voltage (V)
10 0 7 26
Experimental Verification
8
S.No Voltage (V) Current (A)
7 AT 2.45
1 18.75 0.1 PM
6
2 18.32 0.36 AT 12.30
5
PM
Current (A)
3 17.6 0.75
4
4 17.2 1.42
3
5 15 3.45
6 2
14 4.2
7 10.39 6.3 1
8 0.81 6.89 0
0 5 10 Voltage (V)15 20 25
27
Inferences from the P-V curves
• The power increases with increase in
Insolation.
• The short circuit current increases with
increase in Temperature & the open circuit
voltage reduces with increase in
temperature.
• The power decreases with increase in
temperature. EEE Department SRM University 28
MPPT –Indispensable!
1 2
3 1. Irradiation 1000 w/m² &
rated load
2. Irradiation 5000 w/m² &
rated load
(Without MPPT)
3. Irradiation 1000 w/m² &
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rated load
Maximum Power Point
Tracking Technique (MPPT)
MPPT stands for Maximum Power Point Tracking, and each solar cell has a
point at which the current (I) and voltage (V) output from the cell result in
the maximum power output of the cell.
MPPT algorithms are necessary in PV applications because the MPP of a
solar panel varies with the irradiation and temperature, so the use of MPPT
algorithms is required in order to obtain the maximum power from a solar
array.
The principle is that if the output from the cell can be regulated to the
voltage and current levels needed to achieve a power output at this point,
then the power generated by the solar cell will be used most efficiently.
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MPPT aided PV System
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Fractional Open Circuit Voltage
MPPT
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Flow Chart and Coding of P&O Algorithm
• Vnew=u(1);
Inew=u(2);Vold=u(3);Iold=u(4);duty=u(5
);
• if(duty<0)
• duty=0;
• end
• if(duty>1)
• duty=1;
• end
• del=0.01;
• Pnew=Vnew*Inew;
• Pold=Vold*Iold;
• if (Pnew > Pold)
• if(Vnew < Vold)
• duty=duty+del;
• else
• duty=duty-del;
• end
• else
• if(Vnew < Vold)
• duty=duty-del;
• else
• duty=duty+del;
• end
• end
• if(duty<0)
• duty=0;
• end
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• if(duty>1)
MPPT Aided DC –DC (boost) converter ON
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Boost converter contd… during
off
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Expressions to deduce MPPT
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Operating Range of Boost
converter
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Boost May not hold good
always
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Buck Boost converter
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Buck- Boost Analysis
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Reasoning
1. A solar photovoltaic panel has an open circuit voltage of 43.6V and
short circuit current of 5.45A. The maximum power that can be
drawn from the panel is 175W. The maximum power occurs at a
voltage of 81% of open circuit voltage. What is the optimal load
resistance that needs to be connected to the terminals of the PV
panel?
2. A resistance of 10 ohms needs to be connected to a PV panel
having same specifications as in Q1. A boost converter is
connected in between this resistance and panel. The duty ratio at
which the boost converter should operate in order to extract
maximum power from PV is
3. Consider a PV system wherein
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University 42
Solution
1.7.13
2.0.155
3.Buck or buck boost
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PV Sizing
• Net metering Concept : Net metering is an agreement
that allows the solar PV system owner to sell excess solar energy to the
utility company or buy deficit energy from the utility company using a meter
to track this energy exchange.
• In gross metering, entire energy generated by the solar
PV system is fed back directly into the utility grid.
• In this case, the owner gets incentives based on feed-in
tariffs proportional to the energy fed back to the grid.
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Sizing
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Calculation
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Sizing contd….
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Sizing Contd….
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Battery Sizing
• Primary cells used for remote control, clocks
• It is used for only one discharge Eg. Dry cell
Lithium thionylchloride
• Secondary Cells charge and discharge several
times, used in cars, ups etc.,
• Eg – lead acid battery, Nickel metal hyride
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Battery Parameters
Battery sizing
The battery ampere-hour capacity to support the
load energy requirement of Ebat is given by the
following
• use of this formula to we want to design a battery for a stand-alone
power system, which charges and discharges the battery from a 110-V
DC solar array.
• For the DC–DC boost converter discharging the battery, the minimum
required battery voltage is 45 V.
• Assuming that we are using NiMH electrochemistry, the cell voltage can
vary from 1.55 V when fully charged to 1.1 V when fully drained to the
maximum allowable DoD. Then, the number of cells needed in the
battery is more than 41 (45/1.1).
• Thus, the number of cells in the battery, estimated from voltage
considerations, must be greater than 41
Example problem
• let us assume that the battery is required
• to discharge a total of 2 kW load for 14 h (28,000 Wh)
• every night for 5 yr before replacement. The lifetime requirement is, therefore, 5 × 365 =
1,825 cycles of deep discharge.
• For the NiMH battery, the cycle life at full depth of discharge is 2,000. Because this is
greater than the 1,825 cycles required,
• If the discharge efficiency is 80%, the average cell discharge voltage is 1.2 V
• According to our reliability we require three batteries in parallel each battery ampere-
hour capacity calculated.
Selection of Inverter
60
Line commutated Inverter
• The line-commutated inverters are generally used for the electric
motor applications. The power stage is equipped with thyristors.
• The driver circuit has to be changed to shift the firing angle from the
rectifier operation (0 < φ < 90) to inverter operation (90 < φ < 180).
Six-pulse or 12-pulse inverter are used for the grid interfacing.
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Hybrid Solar and Wind
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Optimization of Hybrid
• Load Management
• Planning of Source Management
• Voltage Regulation
• Choice of converter / Generators
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PQ Issues
• The requirement of the quality of power at the grid interface is a part
of the power purchase contracts between the utility and the
renewable power plant.
• The rectifier and inverter are the main components contributing to
the power quality concerns. The grid-connected power systems,
therefore, need converters which are designed to produce high
quality, low distortion AC power acceptable for purchase by the utility
company.
• the total harmonic distortion generated by the power
electronicequipment, such as rectifier and inverter.
• Voltage sag
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• Frequency Deviation
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