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CSC 103 Introduction to Computers and
Programming
by: Dr. Sadaf Tanvir
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CIIT, Islamabad
Course Objectives
Introduce students to the world of computers and programming
Familiarize them with the basic computing concepts
Students should gain in depth knowledge of the notions like functions,
arrays and pointers
Prepare them for the upcoming programming based courses
By the end of the course, students should feel confident and competent
about their computer know how and ability to write programs
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Administrivia(1)
Marks Breakdown
Midterms 25%
Assignments 10%
Quiz (will be pop) 5%
Project 10%
Final Exam 50%
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Administrivia (2)
Reading Material
www.google.com
en.wikipedia.org
Computer Systems (third edition) by J.Stanley Warford
Introduction to programming using turbo C by Robert Lafore
Let us C by Yashavant Kanetka
Programming with C by schaum series
Many others
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Administrivia (3)
Students’ Background
Medium of instruction
Interaction with computers?
Previous programming experience?
Method of Study
Note down points from the lecture
Study from books, internet etc.
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CSC 103
CSC 103: Part I
Introduction to Computers (4 lectures)
CSC 103: Part 2
Introduction to Programming (22 lectures)
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CSC 103: Part I
Introduction to Computers
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Introduction to Computers
Meaning of the term computer?
A machine that computes….
A programmable machine that receives input, stores and manipulates data/information, and provides
output in a useful format
Programmable: computer takes a set of instructions
Who invented Computer?
Not a simple question to answer. Many scientists contributed in giving it the form it has today
Charles Babbage is said to be the father of modern computing.
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Introduction to Computers
Why was a computer invented?
Initially, Babbage’s invention was a special purpose calculator that was designed to tabulate
logarithms and trigonometric functions
Today, How does a computer serve us?
Mathematical calculations
Microwave ovens
Word processing
Desktop publishing Game consoles
Internet
Digital audio video composition Automatic washing machines
Banks
etc.
Travel
Many more
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Evolution of Computers
1941 Konrad Zuse - Z3 Computer
1942 ABC Computer world's first electronic digital
computer(used vacuum tubes)
1946 ENIAC 1 Computer electronic general-
purpose computer
1947/48 The Transistor
1951 UNIVAC Computer
1958 The Integrated Circuit
1971 Intel 4004 Computer Microprocessor
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Evolution of Computers
1983 Apple Lisa Computer
1984 Apple Macintosh Computer
1996 Intel releases 200Mhz processor
1999 The Intel Pentium III 500 MHz is released
2006 Intel releases the Core2 Duo Processor
What is the latest????
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Introduction to Computers
How did the first computer look like?
Charles Babbage invented an Analytical Engine (1837)
It was a mechanical device
The Engine had five parts: the mill, or calculating unit, the store (memory), an input device, a control section and
a printer. The input and the control section were fed by punched cards.
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Introduction to Computers
• What is a computer made
up of?
• Hardware Output Devices
• The tangible parts of computer
• Central Processing Unit(CPU)
• Memory
CPU,Memory,Storage
• Storage
• Input/output device
• Software
• Something that operates the hardware
• System Software
• Application Software
Input Devices
Courtesy: Microsoft
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What is inside of a CPU box?
Power supply
Motherboard
Bus
Ports
Video card
Modem
Network card
Sound card
ROM
RAM
Slots
DIMMs
Processor
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Computer Components
Graphics Card ROM
Hard disk drive
Power Supply
CD Drive
RAM microprocessor
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Computer Components
Network Card Wireless Network Card
Modem Sound Card
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Random Access Memory (RAM)
"Random" means any piece of data can be accessed in a constant time,
regardless of its physical location and whether or not it is related to the
previous piece of data
RAM/Main memory stores both data being processed and the programs
processing data
It is volatile
Information is lost the moment the power is switched off
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The Processor
The processor is also known as computer's brain. It processes data to yield meaningful
information
Data & instruction cache memory
Instruction unit
Arithmetic-Logic unit
Floating-point unit
Control unit
Input/Output management unit
Registers
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Processing
Input Processing Output
Input Central Processing Output
Main Memory
device Unit Devices
Bus
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Input Devices
Input Central Output
Main Memory
device Processing Unit Devices
Keyboards
Mouse devices
Disk Drives
Magnetic tapes
Bar code readers
Scanners
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Output Devices
Input Central Output
Main Memory
device Processing Unit Devices
Bus
Disk Drives
Magnetic tape drives
Screens
Printers
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Data flow for a complete job
Input Central Main Output Input Central Main Output
device Processing Unit Memory Devices device Processing Unit Memory Devices
(a) First data flows from the input device into the (b) Next CPU brings the data into its registers for
main memory processing
Input Central Main Output
device Processing Unit Memory Devices Input Central Main Output
device Processing Unit Memory Devices
(c) Then CPU sends processed data back to
main memory (d)Finally the results go to the output device
Steps (b) and (c ) usually repeat many times
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System Software
Makes hardware accessible to the applications
Controls and coordinates computer operations
Manages programs and resources(CPU and memory)
Controls input and output
Manages communication through user interface
e.g. DOS, Windows, UNIX, MacOS etc.
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Application Software
Makes hardware accessible to the end user
e.g. to make this lecture
Microsoft Power point
Performs specific tasks
Word processing (Microsoft word)
Windows XP
Spreadsheet (Microsoft excel)
Hardware
Databases (Microsoft access) etc.
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Programming Languages
Q. How does a computer do what we ask him to do?
Ans. We write a program to command it
Human beings understand English or similar languages whereas
Computers understand machine language i.e. 010101010
Q. How to command a computer?
Ans. A computer's language of instruction and information is a PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE
It is understandable to human beings
Once we have written a program, special purpose softwares are used to convert the human
understandable instructions into machine understandable ones
But How?
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Compilation
Compiler: A computer program (or set of programs) that transforms source code written
in a high level language into the object code (binary form) that a computer can
understand e.g. Compiler for C language
Understandable by human
beings
Source Code
Understandable by
computer
Object Code
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Linking
Linker is a program that takes one or more objects generated by a compiler and
combines them into a single executable program
It often takes objects from a library
obj obj lib
linker
lib dll exe
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Interpreter, Assembler, JIT
Interpreter normally means a computer program that executes the source
code directly e.g. pearl, python, MATLAB, awk etc.
Interpretation and compilation are the two principal means by which
programming languages are implemented however
They are not fully distinct
Assembler converts assembly language instructions into machine code 01010100
to be executed by the processor
Assembly language is a low-level programming language
for computers, microprocessors, microcontrollers, and other integrated circuits
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Just in time compilation
JIT compilers represent a hybrid of Compilation and
Interpretation
It translates continuously but also caches the
translated code to speed up program execution e.g.
Microsoft's .NET Framework and Java
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Von Neumann Architecture
Earliest computers used hand wired programs
To modify/edit a program, the wire connections needed to be altered which
was a tedious task e.g. ENIAC computer’s main memory only stored data
but no programs
In 1945, John Von Neumann proposed the idea to store program in the memory
along with the data
A revolutionary idea
In 1949, EDSAC was built using Von Neumann's stored program idea
All commercial modern day computers are based on von Neumann's concept
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Evolution of Programming Languages
Ada Lovelace specified a method for calculating Bernoulli numbers with the Babbage’s Analytical Engine which is
considered as the world's first computer program
Herman Hollerith encoded the 1890 census data on punch cards
1943 - ENIAC coding system
FORTRAN (1955), the "FORmula TRANslator“
LISP (1958), the "LISt Processor“
COBOL, the COmmon Business Oriented Language
ALGOL 60 (the "ALGOrithmic Language“)
Simula (1960), a superset of Algol 60
C, an early systems programming language, was developed at Bell Labs between 1969 and 1973
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Evolution of Programming Languages
1970 Pascal
1972 C
1972 SmallTalk
1972 Prolog
1978 SQL
1980 C++
1983 Ada
1984 Common Lisp
1987 Perl
1988 Tcl
1991 Python
1995 Java
1995 Delphi
1995 Javascript
1995 PHP
1998 Visual Basic
1999 D
2001 C#
2001 Visual Basic.Net
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