NON ELASTIC IMPRESSION
MATERIALS IN DENTISTRY
Dr Mohd Haidil Akmal Mahdan
DDS (USM),Ph.D (TMDU,Tokyo)
25th June 2015
Contents…
• Definitions
• Classification
• Impression plaster
• Impression compound
• Zinc oxide eugenol
• Impression waxes
Definitions..
Impression:
• A negative likeness or copy in reverse of the surface of an
object; (an imprint of the teeth and adjacent structures
for use in dentistry)
Impression material
• Any substance or combination of substances used for
making an impression or negative reproduction
Non Elastic Impression
• They are impression materials which fracture or distort
upon removal from the undercut area after setting. They
can’t record the undercut area
• Preferable for edentulous patient
1. Impression Plaster
• Main indication: impression of edentulous ridges
• Old type, not frequently used anymore
• Composition :
CaSO4 . β-hemihydrate
Potassium sulfate – to reduce expansion but accelerates
setting
Borax – a retarder to prolong setting time
quartz, lime - to make the plaster more brittle
ADV DISADV
Very good surface detail reproduction Requires separating medium
Easy to prepare & handle Very rigid – often need to be fractured
when removed from the mouth
Long shelf life Fractures if undercuts are present
Non toxic Non-toxic but may dry soft tissues -
unpleasant to patients
Cheap
Setting time can be controlled
Excellent dimensional stability
Setting reaction:
CaSO4.0.5H2O + 1.5H2O CaSO4.2H2O + heat + expansion
reacts with water to form a hard mass of calcium sulphate dihydrate.
This setting reaction is associated with an expansion of 0.3-0.6%.
When this is within the confines of an impression tray it will lead to a
significant reduction in accuracy.
Mixing the plaster with anti-expansion solution (containing 4%
potassium sulphate and 0.4% borax) will reduce this.
The potassium sulphate reduces expansion to 0.05%, but this also
accelerates the setting reaction, and borax is added as a retarder,
which gives more time to take the impression.
Properties :
1.Excellent at recording fine detail
2.Dimensionally stable if anti expansion solution used
3.Fractures if undercuts present
4.Mucostatic
5.Needs to be treated with a separating medium (e.g.
varnish or soap solution) before being cast in stone or
plaster
6.Exothermic setting reaction
7.On storage dimensionally stable but a small amount of
shrinkage may occur
8.Non toxic but may be unpleasant due to dryness and heat
evolved during setting
2. Impression compound
• Thermoplastic material (softens when heated to 50oC and hardens
on cooling) for making impressions of edentulous ridge, tooth
impressions in a copper band
• Supplied as sheet, cakes, cone, disc
• Color : red, green, orange, brown
TYPE 1 TYPE 2
Low fusing High fusing
Soften at 50-60 Soften at 70
•Used for 1ry impression •Used for 2ndry
•Individual tooth impression impression for special
•For peripheral tracing tray
•To check undercuts in inlay
Composition:
Rosin 30%
Copal resin 30%
Carbuna wax 10%
Stearic acid 5%
Talc 25%
Coloring pigments
Setting reaction :
- Sets by physical reaction (reversible)
Impression compound (Hard) 450C Impression compound (Soft)
370C
Manipulation:
• As impression compound is of low thermal conductivity, adequate
time should be given for uniform heating to INCREASE flow during
impression taking.
Soaking in warm water-bath [Sheets or cakes]
Over a flame.[Sticks]
Dry kneading with fingers.
Properties :
1.Flow
• Viscous material, Low flow (Mucocompressive technique)
It can not record the fine details.
2.Dimensional accuracy during setting
• High coefficient of thermal expansion & contraction; due to
weak intermolecular 2ndry bonds
• Contraction during cooling from mouth-to room temperature
0.30-0.4%.
3.Flexibility for ease of removal from undercut
4. Rigid material
.·. It is used only in minimum undercut
(Completely edentulous patient)
2.Adhesion to the tray : Self adhesive to the tray
5. Elasticity: Non-elastic on removal from undercut distortion.
6. Disinfection without loosing accuracy
• Can be disinfected by immersion.
7. Dimensional stability during storage
• Not dimensional stable during storage due to release of
internal
.·. Immediate pouring of the model is recommended.
8. Compatible with the model material:
a. The gypsum mix can adapt & fill the impression.
b. No separating medium is required.
c. Being thermoplastic , [ Tray + impression + model] is
immersed in warm water-bath to soften the impression
compound for easy separation from the model.
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
Cheap, reusable Difficult to record details
accurately
No irritation to patient Soft tissues are compressed
during impression taking
Can be modified and Distortion
resoftened again till accurate
impression achieved
Difficult top remove undercut
No pleasant taste
Can be uncomfortable due to
rigidity
3. Zinc oxide eugenol
• Irreversible rigid impression used as secondary techn used to take
impression for edentulous patient
• Made up of Zinc oxide and eugenol (oils from clove)
• Types :
1. Eugenol free impression material for sensitive patients
Chlorothymol or lauric acid instead of eugenol.
2. Regarding setting time:
(According to ADA spec no.16)
Type 1 : Hard (ST 10 min)
Type II Soft( S.T.15 minutes)
• Chemical Composition :
Component Function
Paste 1 Zinc oxide Reactive ingredient, takes part in
setting reaction
Olive oil Active component used to from a
paste with zinc oxide
Zinc acetate Accelerate setting
water Accelerate setting
Paste 2 Eugenol Takes part in setting reaction
Caolin,talc Inert filler used to form apaste
with eugenol
• Setting reaction
i.Acid base reaction
ii.The formation of chelate compound
iii.Ionic in nature
Zinc oxide + water Zinc hydroxide
Zinc hydroxide +2 Eugenol Zinc eugenolate (Chelate [Salt]) + H2O
•Manipulation :
Application of impression for 2ndry impr taking
• Properties :
1. Flow
Low viscosity, High flow => Record the fine details.
[Mucostatic technique]
2. Dimensional accuracy during setting
Slight contraction during setting (0.1%)
3. Flexibility for ease of removal from undercut
Rigid use in minimum undercut (completely edentulous patient)
4. Adhesion to the tray: Self adhesive to the tray
5. Elasticity
Non-elastic , cannot record the undercut area
.·. Distortion on removal
6. Disinfection without loosing accuracy:
Can be disinfected by immersion.
7. Dimensional stability during storage
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
Good dimensional stability Burning sensation
Good detail reproduction Messy to work with
Impression surface can Sticks to skin, instruments,
modified by adding into difficult to clean
deficient areas
Easy to manipulate Rigid, tends to break off in
undercut areas
Longer working time
• Other uses :-
Cement
Root canal filling material
Temporary cement
Surgical pack in perio surgery
Relining for denture
4. Impression waxes
• Classified into :
i) Corrective impression wax and
ii) Bite registration wax
• Please read previous lecture on dental wax ;)
REFERENCES
• Zardiackas.L.D , Dental materials,Dentla clinics of
morthamerica,July 2007,vol 51,pg 629-643 .
• O’Brien.W.J, Dental materials and their selection, 3rd edition,
Quintessence publications.
• Craig.R.G, Dental Materials, 12th edition, Elsevier publications.
• Anusavice, Phillip’s Science of Dental Materials, 11th edition,
Saunders publications. Impression materials.
