Spread Spectrum
Technique
Chapter 3
2 Introduction
In 1985, the FCC modified Part 15 of the radio
spectrum regulation
Governs unlicensed devices
Attempt to stimulate the production and use of
wireless network products
The modification authorized wireless network
products to operate in the Industrial, Scientific, and
Medical (ISM) bands using spread spectrum
modulation
902 - 928 MHz
2.4 - 2.4835 GHz
5.725 - 5.850 GHz
3 Introduction
FCC allows users to operate wireless products
without obtaining licenses if the products meet certain
requirements
e.g., Operation under 1 watt transmitter output
power
This deregulation of the frequency spectrum
eliminates
Need to perform costly and time-consuming
frequency planning to avoid interference with
existing radio systems
Need to license product again at a new location (if
equipment is moved)
4 Spread Spectrum Encoding
• Digital Signal
Digital data
• Analog Signal
• Digital Signal
Analog data
• Analog Signal
Which option to choose?
Requirements to meet
Media & communications facilities
Spread Spectrum
Can be used to transmit either analog or digital data,
using an analog signal
5 Spread Spectrum
Input is fed into a channel encoder
Produces analog signal with narrow
bandwidth
Signal is further modulated using
sequence of digits
Spreading code or spreading sequence
Generated by pseudonoise, or pseudo-
random number generator
Effect of modulation is to increase
bandwidth of signal to be transmitted
Spread Spectrum
6
On receiving end, digit sequence is used
to demodulate the spread spectrum signal
Signal is fed into a channel decoder to
recover data
7 Spread Spectrum
What can be gained from apparent waste
of spectrum?
Immunity from various kinds of noise and multipath
distortion
Anti-jamming performance
Interference immunity
Can be used for hiding and encrypting signals
Low probability of intercept
Low transmit power density
Several users can independently use the same
higher bandwidth with very little interference
Multiple access communications
Multiple simultaneous transmissions
8 Types of Spread Spectrum
Frequency Hopping Spread
Spectrum (FHSS)
First type developed
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
(DSSS)
More recent technology
9 Frequency Hopping SS
Signal is broadcast over seemingly random
series of radio frequencies
A number of channels allocated for the FH
signal
Width of each channel corresponds to
bandwidth of input signal
Signal hops from frequency to frequency at
fixed intervals
Transmitter operates in one channel at a time
Bits are transmitted using some encoding
scheme
At each successive interval, a new carrier
frequency is selected
10 Frequency Hopping SS
Source: http://murray.newcastle.edu.au/users/staff/eemf/ELEC351/SProjects/Morris/types.htm
Frequency Hopping Spread
Spectrum System (Transmitter)
Frequency Hopping Spread
Spectrum System (Receiver)
Slow and Fast FHSS
Frequency shifted every Tc seconds
Duration of signal element is Ts seconds
Slow FHSS has Tc Ts
Fast FHSS has Tc < Ts
Generally fast FHSS gives improved performance in
noise (or jamming)
14 Frequency Hopping SS
Hopping Sequence
Channel sequence dictated by spreading code
Pseudorandom number serves as an index into a table
of frequencies
Chip Period
Time spent on each channel
FCC regulation maximum dwell time of 400 ms
IEEE 802.11 standard 300 ms
Chipping rate
Hopping rate
15 Frequency Hopping SS
Receiver, hopping between
frequencies in synchronization with
transmitter, picks up message
Advantages
Eavesdroppers hear only unintelligible
blips
Attempts to jam signal on one
frequency succeed only at knocking
out a few bits
16 FHSS Performance
Considerations
Large number of frequencies used
Results in a system that is quite
resistant to jamming
Jamming signal must jam all
frequencies
With fixed power, this reduces the
jamming power in any one frequency
band
Jamming margin (dB)=(processing gain(dB) – 10 log (Eb/No)min)
17 Direct Sequence SS
Each bit in original signal is
represented by multiple bits in the
transmitted signal
Spreading code spreads signal across a
wider frequency band
Spread is in direct proportion to the
number of bits used
One technique combines digital
information stream with the
spreading code bit stream using
exclusive-OR
18 Direct Sequence SS
Source: http://www.sss-mag.com/primer.html
Source: http://murray.newcastle.edu.au/users/staff/eemf/ELEC351/SProjects/Morris/types.htm
19 Direct Sequence SS
20 Processing Gain
Unique property of spread specturm waveforms
Used to measure the performance advantage of
spread spectrum against narrowband forms
21 Processing Gain in FHSS
Processing Gain in DHSS
22
In a DS system
Random binary data has a bit rate of Rb
The pseudorandom binary waveform has a
rate of Rc
Required
Modulation (Eb/No)dB GdB (Eb/No)dB
PSK
BPSK
Code-Division Multiple Access
23
CDMA is a channel access method used by various
radio communication technology
Example of multiple access
several transmitters can send information
simultaneously over a single communication
channels
Allow several users to share a band of frequencies
To permit this without undue interference between
the users, CDMA employs spread spectrum
techniques and special coding scheme
Code-Division Multiple Access
24
Simultaneous transmission
Signal orthogonal to each other
Code-Division Multiple Access
25
Basic Principles of CDMA
Start with a data signal with rate D
Break each bit into k chips
Chips are a user-specific fixed pattern
Chip data rate of new channel = kD
Code-Division Multiple Access
26
Advantage
Good protection against interference and
tapping
Disadvantages
Receiver must be precisely synchronized with
the transmitter to apply the decoding
correctly
Receiver must know the code and must
separate the channel with user data from the
background noise composed of other signals
and environmental noise
27 Code-Division Multiple
Access
Application
Is used as the access method in many
mobile phone standards such as
cdmaOne, CDMA 2000 (the 3G evolution
of cdmaOne) and WCDMA (the 3G
standard used by GSM carriers), which are
often referred to as simply CDMA.
28 CDMA Example
If k=6 and code is a sequence of 1s and
-1s
For a ‘1’ bit, A sends code as chip pattern
<c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6>
For a ‘0’ bit, A sends complement of code
<-c1, -c2, -c3, -c4, -c5, -c6>
Receiver knows sender’s code and
performs electronic decode function
Su d d1 c1 d 2 c2 d 3 c3 d 4 c4 d 5 c5 d 6 c6
<d1, d2, d3, d4, d5, d6> = received chip pattern
<c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6> = sender’s code
29 CDMA Example
User A code = <1, –1, –1, 1, –1, 1>
To send a 1 bit = <1, –1, –1, 1, –1, 1>
To send a 0 bit = <–1, 1, 1, –1, 1, –1>
User B code = <1, 1, –1, – 1, 1, 1>
To send a 1 bit = <1, 1, –1, –1, 1, 1>
Receiver receiving with A’s code
(A’s code) x (received chip pattern)
User A ‘1’ bit: 6 -> 1
User A ‘0’ bit: -6 -> 0
User B ‘1’ bit: 0 -> unwanted signal ignored
30 CDMA for DSSS
31 Rake Receiver
•A rake receiver is a radio receiver designed to counter the effects
of multipath fading.
•It does this by using several "sub-receivers" called fingers, that is,
several correlators each assigned to a different multipath component.
•Each finger independently decodes a single multipath component; at a
later stage the contribution of all fingers are combined in order to make
the most use of the different transmission characteristics of each
transmission path.
•This could very well result in higher signal-to-noise ratio (or Eb/N0) in a
multipath environment than in a "clean" environment.
32
•A Rake receiver utilizes multiple correlators to separately detect
M strongest multipath components. Each correlator may be
quantized using 1, 2, 3 or 4 bits.
•The outputs of each correlator are weighted to provide better
estimate of the transmitted signal than is provided by a single
component. Demodulation and bit decisions are then based on
the weighted outputs of the M correlators
•Rake receivers are common in a wide variety of CDMA and W-
CDMA radio devices such as mobile phones and wireless
LAN equipment.
