Drilling For Dummies
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Tg TarroDrilling For Dummies
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Tg Tarro- Introduction to Well Engineering: Introduces well engineering and drilling with an illustrative image.
- Planning the Drilling Process: Outlines the initial steps and considerations in planning a drilling operation including design, program development, and approvals.
- Drilling Program Overview: Details the elements of a drilling program such as location, casing, fluids, and precautions against hazards.
- Team and Third Party Contractors: Lists the required team members and third-party contractors needed for drilling including their specific roles.
- Types of MODU: Explains the types of Mobile Offshore Drilling Units along with their advantages and uses.
- Typical Rig Day Rates: Provides information on typical daily rig costs and associated services.
- The Drilling Process: Begins the detail of the drilling process, advancing through well drilling stages and equipment usage.
- Drilling Equipment and Technology: Explains the key technologies and equipment used in drilling including top drive and draw works.
- Drilling Fluids: Describes the function and circulation system of drilling fluids or mud used to stabilize and improve the drilling process.
- Logging Process and Equipment: Details the logging process for evaluating rock and fluid properties using complex tools and graphical logs.
- Production Testing: Discusses the testing phase after drilling to analyze productivity and manage resources effectively.
- Potential Drilling Problems: Covers common problems that can occur during drilling and emphasizes the importance of risk management.
Well Engineering or
Drilling
Planning the Drilling Process
• Basis For Design Information
– Well Location
– Water Depth
– Pore Pressure Profile
– Formation Types, Depths & Thicknesses
– Reservoir location & Total Depth Requirements
– Formation Evaluation Requirements (Logging, Coring, Testing)
• Design Well
– Select Casing Points, Cement Design, Mud Type & Density, Select
Wellheads, Bits & BHA components etc.
• Develop Drilling Program (Plan)
• Obtain PMU Approvals
What is in a Drilling Program?
- General information on location and operational setting
- Casing Design
- Drilling Fluids Design
- Cementing Design
- Pressure testing schedule
- Logging and formation evaluation overview
- Precautions for dealing with potential hazards (we’ll see
latter why this is very important)
The Team Required
• Seismic Multi-disciplinary Team
• Geological Studies
• Drilling Location
• Geoscientists
• Seabed Survey
• Hazard Identification • Drilling Engineers
• Offset Well Studies • Completion Engineer
• Environmental Impact • Reservoir Engineers
• Emergency Response • Petroleum Engineers
• Budget Approval
• HSE & Environmental Advisers
• Rig Procurement
• Logistics Support
• Establish Teams
• Well Proposal • Services Support – the rest of the
office
• Drilling Program
Third Party Contractors
• Mudloggers
• MWD Contractors
• Wireline Logging Contractors
• Mud Engineers
• Cementing Operators
• Rig Positioning Personnel
• Casing Running Crew
• ROV Crew
• Well Testing Crew
• ++++
What type of Mobile Offshore Drilling Unit
(MODU or rig) should we use?
10 000’ – 11 000’
7 000’ – 8 950’
Submersible
Submersible Jack-up
Jackup Semi-submersible
Semi–submersible Drillship
Drillship
MODU Types
Jack-up
(over MOPU)
Semi-Submersible
Drillship
Typical Rig Day Rates
Jack-up MYR 330 000 – MYR 605 000
Semisub MYR 520 000 – MYR 1 635 000
Deepwater MYR 1 471 000 – MYR 2 290 000
Daily Well Cost with ancillary services = MYR 1 500 000
(~MYR 62 500 Per Hour)
Drilling The Well
Drill 36” hole section
for Appraisal Wells
Drill intermediate hole section
Pull out of hole
Run and cement
intermediate casing string
Drill TD hole section into reservoir
What turns the pipe?
How is it connected together?
What does a drill bit look like?
Top Drive
Travelling
block
Top drive
Draw Works
National 1625 drawworks
Steel cable
Cable drum
Typical Drill Floor
Drill pipe
Topdrive
Kelly hose
Draworks
Rotary table
Why Doesn’t the hole cave in?
What Stops The Oil From Spurting Out?
We Use Drilling Fluids or Mud
-Transport the cuttings - Stabilise the hole
- Avoid stuck pipe - Minimise torque
- Protect the reservoir - Suspend the
- Control pressure cuttings
- Clean & Cool the Drill Bit - Minimise drag
- Assist Drilling
Drilling Fluid Circulation System (land rig -
MODU’s use storage tanks for reserves)
How do we know if we have found oil?
We are not actually allowed to do this – big
trouble if we do!
Logging
• Measurements Include;
– GR (Indication of Shaliness, I.e. Discerns Between Sands and
Shales)
– Resistivity (Hydrocarbon Indicator)
– Density, Neutron, Sonic (Porosity)
– Sonic (Rock Velocities)
– Formation Pressure and Sampling Tool (Pressures & Fluid Types)
– Image Logs (Formation Dips, Fractures)
– Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (Porosity & Permeability)
– Sidewall Cores (Lithology, Shows, Age-dating, Geochem)
WIRELINE LOGGING UNIT
Logging unit
Doghouse
Generator
Cable drum
Wireline Logging Tool Basket
Typical Log
Everybody is smiling because we have found
some oil….
….but now we need to find out about the reservoir
PRODUCTION TESTING
Oil & gas are
burned under
controlled
conditions
Source: UK Offshore Oil & Gas
Testing
Burners Flare
Water Spray Cooling
Shield
Burner
Boom
Looks pretty easy !
What could possibly go wrong?
Potential Drilling Problems
• Mooring Problems
– Hit the MOPU, Infrastructure, Boats
• Hole Stability
– Slumping Sands
– Over-pressured & stressed shales
– Reactive Clays & Shales
• Stuck Pipe
– Mechanical / Differential
• Well Control
– Overpressure – Blow out
– Losses
• Directional Control
Drillers work hard to avoid having a really bad day
like this.
This would be a very bad day for a lot of people.
Just one of many reasons why it is very important
to do every task correctly the first time, every time!
…… but seriously
• Plenty of incentive to plan it right.
• Very reliant on good hazard identification and risk
mitigation.
• Safe, cost efficient drilling is a result of good
planning rather than good luck.
