PREPARED BY :
NURHAJAR BINTI MOHAMMAD YUNUS
(2017722379)
NURUL JANNAH BINTI MUSTAFFA
(2017741411)
NOOR SYAMIMI BINTI MUHAMAD AZLAN
(2017777407)
TARGET POPULATION
i. Population, element and population size
Population refers to the entire group of people, events, or
things of interest that the researcher wishes to investigate.
Each member of the population is known as element. The
total number of elements in the population is known as
population size and it is denoted by “N”.
The sample is the subset of the population. It comprises some
members selected from it.
Each member of the sample is known as subject. The total
number of subjects in the sample is known as sample size and
it is denoted by “n”.
SAMPLING
Sampling: the process of selecting a sufficient number of elements from
the population, so that results from analyzing the sample are generalizable
to the population (Sekaran & Bougie, 2010).
SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
Probability versus nonprobability sampling
Probability sampling:
elements in the population have a known and non-zero
chance of being chosen
Nonprobability sampling:
the elements in the population do not have nay
probabilities attached to their being chosen as sample
subject
Probability Sampling Nonprobability Sampling
Simple Random Sampling Convenience Sampling
Purposive Sampling (Judgment
Systematic Sampling
Sampling and Quota Sampling)
Stratified Random Sampling
Cluster Sampling
SAMPLING TECHNIQUES – PROBABILITY
SAMPLING
Simple random sampling :
Unrestricted probability sampling design
Every element in the population has a known and equal chance of being
selected as a subject
Example: 1000 elements in population, we need a sample of 100. Suppose we need to drop a
piece of paper in our hat and each of paper bearing the name of one of the elements and
draw 100 of those from the hat with our eyes closed. Chances for the first draw is 1/1000, the
next one will be 1/999 and so on.
Systematic sampling
The systematic sampling involves drawing every nth element in the
population starting with a randomly chosen element between 1 and n.
Example: we wanted a sample 35 households from a total population of
260 houses in a particular locality. So we can sample every seventh
house starting from a random number from 1 to 7. So we can draw
every 7, 14, 21, 28 and so on until 35 houses were selected.
Stratified random sampling
Process of stratification or segregation followed by random
selection of subjects from each stratum
Divide a population in strata
Include all strata
Random selection of elements from strata Proportionate
and Disproportionate
Table 10.1
Cluster sampling
Cluster samples are samples gathered in groups or chunks of elements
that are natural aggregates of elements in the population.
Target population is divided in clusters.
Then random sample of clusters is drawn and from each selected
cluster either all the elements or sample are included in the
sample.
Such area sampling – geographic areas such as counties, city blocks and
so on.
SAMPLING TECHNIQUES –
NONPROBABILITY SAMPLING
Convenience sampling
Refers to the collection of information from members of the population who are
conveniently available to provide it.
Example: “Pepsi Challenge” contest with purpose of determining whether people prefer
one product to another to be held at a shopping mall visited by many shoppers.
Purposive sampling
Instead of obtaining from those who conveniently
available, it might sometimes become necessary to obtain
information from specific target groups.
Specific types of people who can provide the desired
information
Judgement Sampling – subjects selected on the basis of
their expertise in the subject investigate
Quota Sampling – subjects are conveniently chosen from
targeted groups according to some predetermined number
of quota
Determining Sample Size
Level of Precision Variability in Data
• Precision refers to how close • The smaller the dispersion or
our estimate is to the true variability, the greater the
population characteristics. We probability that the sample
estimate the population mean will be closer to the
parameter to fall within a population mean.
range based on the sample
estimate.
Level of The level of confidence denotes how certain we are
Confidence that our estimates will really hold true for the
population.
Sample Precision and confidence play a vital role in sampling
Data, as we use sample data to draw inferences about the
Precision
entire population.
and
Confidence
in
Estimation
Sample Size Let us suppose, the Branch Manager of the Shah
Alam branch of CIMB bank wants to be 95% confident
that the expected monthly withdrawals in the bank
will be within a confidence interval of ±RM400.
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