TownPlanning
during
Industrial Revolution
LOCATION
• Industrial revolution started specifically in Britain in
18th century.
• It swept across Western Europe and much of North
America.
• Late to Asian country's
TRANSPORT
Canal barges pulled by Ships powered by sails Horse-drawn wagons,
mules carts, and carriages
Automobiles
Steamships
Trains
TRANSPORT
•Rivers played a major role in the transportation of finished products from the factories
to the coast.
•The Severn, Thames, and the Trent were the most navigable rivers in England.
• RIVER- • CANAL-
•The main international seaports of England were London, Bristol, and Liverpool
•The British began to build canals in the late 18th Century.
•In 1720, roads gained importance for the Industrial Revolution. Turnpikes were
established to charge a toll for the maintenance of roads.
•ROADS- •RAILWAYS-
•Railways meant the end for canals .Railways were to transform Britain in the
nineteenth century
• Robert Fulton made the first steam-powered engine to power a steamboat.
SPREAD
HOW IT SPREAD
Competition: With well establishedtrade
routes, awareness of competition
increased. This led to increased pressure on
production.
Increased workhours
Insecure working
Conditions
Living Standards
•Houses had to be in direct
Formation ofSlums:
vicinity to factories
•Lack of sanitation gave
•Lodging of workersin
way to unhealthy living
conditions overcrowdedhouses.
CULTUREAND ITS IMPACT ON
ARCHITECTUREAND CITY PLANNING
• Small industries and farming having very small amount of royal people
• After banks etc the lifestyle improveddramatically
• Middle class increased and this section also consumed most of the products and lived a royal lifestyle
• mass of the people to achieve the income, education and leisure time necessary to enjoy fine books, good music, and
beautiful sculptures and paintings
• inventions such as the printing press, radio and television that enabled works of culture to reach more people at lower cost,
enabled men to acquire great wealth, part of which they returned to society by financing libraries, symphony orchestras,
museums and scholarships for promising writers and artists, and encouraged the growth of democracy, thus providing the
atmosphere of freedom so necessary for writers and artists to produce greatworks.
Increased workhours Living Standards Formation of Slums:
•Houses had to be in direct •Lack of sanitation gave way
Insecure working vicinity to factories to unhealthy living
•Lodging of workers in conditions
Conditions
overcrowded houses.
POLITICAL BACKGROUND
• Before industrialization public was rules by small social and political élite
• Before 17th century Britain was devastated by civil wars, fought to free themselves from an
absolute monarch(charles 1st)
• Regime changed as a glorious revolution ,creating liberal, economic and political climate
Made laws and spent Scientific breakthrough and
Political stability with
moneyas required entrepreneurship
fundament rules
ARCHITECTURALCHARACTER OF THE CITIES
•They are built in courts the
principle is that 3 walls are shared
with other houses reducing the
amount of materialsused,.
•it was very compact and streets were
very tight and would not allow for
light or sufficient air to enter the
house.
•A lobby/living space and an upstairs room,
the kitchen and toilets were communal and
often shared between 16 households.
•Each house could have from 1 to 3 families
livinginside
and even possible animals.
•The courtyards had privies (outdoor toilets)
cooking, storage areas and cesspool (hole
to receive waste from the house)
.
ARCHITECTURALCHARACTER OF THE CITIES
Back-back houses
•BUILT IN DOUBLE ROWS
•NO WINDOWS ATFRONT
•NO BACKYARDS
•A SEWERDOWN MIDDLE OF STREET
•BUILTCRAMMED CLOSETOGETHER VERY
NARROWSTREETSBETWEEN THEM.
The “Dark Days” of Industrialization
TECHNOLOGICAL ACHIEVEMENT AND ITS REFLECTION IN PLANNING
'first industrial revolution', characterized by developments in textiles, iron and steam
led by Britain, to differentiate it from a 'second' revolution of the 1850s onwards,
characterised by steel, electrics and automobiles led by the US andGermany
16 and 17th century Wedge wood –potter in London became famous
manufactures found Difficult carrying raw materialsto factory finished
products to market
Parliament was ready to allow businessmen to build road and toll was charge by
travellers
In staffecher road was constructed from factory to market and to national road
which further expanded Connecting cities (France military)
Canals motorways were created by private entrepreneurs for transport in cheaper way
Difficult terrain leading to tunnels reducing the transport cost.
Canals connected the coast and network navigable rivers.
EVOLUTION OF PLANNING
The Middle Class
As the Working class struggled for a livelihood in the slums, themiddle
class factory owners lived in detached houses near the countryside
City centre: Shopsand
services
Suburbs: Parks& Inner City: Factoriesand
houses run down houses
EVOLUTION OF PLANNING-LEED
Pattern of land-use changed radically: It was determined by radial transport route beginning
at town centre
•Low rent residential area is near to industrial district (heavy and low industries
and warehouses)
•High rent residential areas are in the outskirts of cities (suburbs)
UTOPIAN PROPOSALS - Robert Owen and JS
Buckingham
Focused attention upon the growing evils of the urban environment
Agricultural field
1000 houses 20 feet wide
Arcades for workshops
560 houses 28 feet wide
Industries
Retail shops
296 houses 38 feet wide
Winter promenade arcade
Housing for worker with garden in front
120 houses 54 feet wide
IN 1849 published a treatise entitled “national Public buildings, churches
evils and practical remedies” in which he
described his plan for a model town for an 24 mansions 80 feet wide
“associated temperance community of about
10,000 inhabitants Central square
Utopian Design objectives
URBAN DESIGN OBJECTIVES PERFORMANCE CRITERIA
•Character A distinct sense of place responding to the local context
•Continuity and enclosure Continuity of frontages, defined public &private spaces
•Quality of public realm safe, attractive, lively and functional public space
•Ease of movement An accessible, well connected, pedestrian friendly
•legilibility A readily understandable, easily navigable environment
•Adaptability flexible & adaptable public & private environment
•diversity A varied environment offering a range of experiences
Town planning: The GardenCity
The Garden City Concept
Formulated by Ebenezer
Howard in 1898.
Country lifestyle
Appreciation of the beauty of nature and a
high level of residential amenity.
Commerce and trade
Access to services, facilities and commerce.
Town lifestyle
Access to safe, pleasant housing as well as
the opportunity for social interaction and
the opportunity to participate in the
community
Howard combined both
town &country into a City
with its own green-belt to
prevent undesirable
expansion from within or
encroachment from outside
the city
When each
Industry was to be close
settlement
but not unpleasant to
reached 50,000
residential areas, this
people, another
was meant to be an
garden city would
answer to unproductive,
be set up nearby
tiresome and
linked by road
uneconomical
and rail
commuting.
Review andAnalysis
THE UTOPIANS
• Rorbert Owen proposed Self – Supporting Drawbacks and loopholes for failure :
industrial towns
• Communal buildings at the center , • Most of the Utopian proposals remined unexecuted.
• surroundinded by dwellings (grouped about a large open space) • These projects represented 2 extremes:
• Main roads encircled the entire area, on one side were
factories , workshops.
• Beyond these, was the Agricultural belt. 1. congested urban areas with 6 – 7 stories of tenements
– resulting into slums
2. Single houses were built at outskirts – which were
unaffordable by the working class
• J.S. Buckingham’s proposal–multitude features
• Industries about half a mile way from town
• Finner houses near the center &
humbler dwellings and workshops
at periphery
MODEL TOWN
• Extensive Community Facilities were introduced to workers Reasons for failure :
• Intended to improve the housing conditions of the workers.
• These model towns were very few, contributing little
• Small area were experimented.
solutions to real problems of housing in factory centers
• First Model town : Bessbrook, Ireland
• Ambitious proposals remained as diagrams.
• Followed by were at Holland, Bourneville, Italy, Liverpool, etc.
• Natural features were ignored.
• Henceforth, grid became the basic pattern leadingto
gridiron plan of cities.
THE GARDEN CITY
