Data and Computer
Communications
Chapter 1 – Data Communications,
Data Networks, and the Internet
Ninth Edition
by William Stallings
Data and Computer Communications, Ninth
Edition by William Stallings, (c) Pearson
Education - Prentice Hall, 2011
Data Communications, Data
Networks, and the Internet
“The fundamental problem of
communication is that of reproducing at
one point either exactly or approximately a
message selected at another point”
- The Mathematical Theory of Communication,
Claude Shannon
Message
Message
Technological Advancement
Driving Forces
Traffic • Development of
growth at new services
a high &
steady • Advances in
rate technology
Changes in Networking
Technology
* Emergence of high-speed LANs
* Corporate WAN needs
* Digital electronics
Convergence
The merger of previously distinct telephony
and information technologies and markets
Layers:
• applications
• these are seen by the end users
• enterprise services
• services the information network supplies to support
applications
• infrastructure
• communication links available to the enterprise
Convergence Layers
Benefits
Convergence benefits include:
Efficiency Effectiveness Transformation
• better use of • the converged • enables the
existing environment enterprise-
resources, and provides users wide adoption
implementatio with flexibility, of global
n of rapid standards and
centralized standardized associated
capacity service service levels
planning, asset deployment
and policy and enhanced
management remote
connectivity
and mobility
Communications Model
Communications Tasks
Transmission system utilization Addressing
Interfacing Routing
Signal generation Recovery
Synchronization Message formatting
Exchange management Security
Error detection and correction Network management
Flow control
Data Communications Model
Transmission Lines
Capacity
The basic building block of
any communications facility
is the transmission line.
Reliability
The business manager is
concerned with a facility Cost
providing the
required capacity, Transmission
with acceptable reliability,
Line
at minimum cost.
Two mediums currently driving
the evolution of data communications
transmission are:
and
Networking
Advances in technology have led to greatly
increased capacity and the concept of
integration, allowing equipment and
networks to work simultaneously.
Voice Data
Image Video
LANs and WANs
There are two broad categories
of networks:
Local Area Networks (LAN)
Wide Area Networks (WAN)
Wide Area Networks (WANs)
Span a large geographical area
Require the crossing of public right-of-ways
Rely in part on common carrier circuits
Typically
consist of a number of
interconnected switching nodes
Wide Area Networks
Alternative technologies used include:
Circuit switching
Packet switching
Frame relay
Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)
Circuit Switching
Uses a dedicated communications path
Connected sequence of physical links
between nodes
Logical channel dedicated on each link
Rapid transmission
The most common example of circuit
switching is the telephone network
Packet Switching
Data are sent out in a sequence of small
chunks called packets
Packets are passed from node to node
along a path leading from source to
destination
Packet-switching networks are commonly
used for terminal-to-terminal computer and
computer-to-computer communications
Frame Relay
Developed to take advantage of high data
rates and low error rates
Operates at data rates of up to 2 Mbps
Rate of errors dramatically lowered thus
reducing overhead of packet-switching
Asynchronous Transfer Mode
(ATM)
Referred to as cell relay
Culmination of circuit switching and packet
switching
Uses fixed-length packets called cells
Works in range of 10’s and 100’s of Mbps
and in the Gbps range
Data rate on each channel dynamically set
on demand
Local Area Networks (LAN)
Metropolitan Area Networks
(MAN)
The Internet
Internetevolved from ARPANET
Developed to solve the dilemma of
communicating across arbitrary, multiple,
packet-switched network
TCP/IP provides the foundation
Internet Key Elements
Internet Architecture
Internet
Terminology
A Networking Configuration
Summary
Trends challenging data communications:
• traffic growth
• development of new services
• advances in technology
Transmission mediums
• fiber optic
• wireless
Network categories:
• WAN
• LAN
Internet
• evolved from the ARPANET
• TCP/IP foundation
