10.
PIPINGS/VALVES and PRESSURE VESSELS
Piping Standard
Schedule number
• Pipes were originally classified on the basis of wall thickness
as standard (extra strong, and double extra strong).
• Because of modern industrial demands for more exact spec,
pipes are now specified according to wall thickness by a
standard formula for schedule number designated by the
American Standards Association.
• Schedule number is defined by ASS as: = 1000 Ps/Ss
where Ps = safe working pressure
Ss = safe working fiber stress
Piping Standard
Schedule number
• Ten schedule numbers are in use at present.
• These are 10, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, 140, 160
• For pipe diameters up to 10 in, schedule 40 corresponds to the
former “standard” pipe and schedule 80 corresponds to the
former “extra strong” pipe.
Piping Standard
Schedule number
How they came up with the formula?
Bursting pressure of a thin walled cylinder may be estimated from
the following equation:
Pb = 2STtm/Dm where: Pb = bursting pressure
ST = tensile strength
tm = minimum wall thickeness
Dm = mean diameter
Piping Standard
Schedule number
A safe working pressure Ps can be evaluated from equation if the
tensile strength is replaced by a safe working fiber stress Ss
Ps = 2Sstm/Dm
Piping Standard
Nominal pipe diameter
Pipe sizes are based on the approximate diameter and are reported as
nominal pipe sizes. Although the wall thickness varies depending on
the schedule number, the outside diameter of any pipe having a given
nominal size is constant and independent of the schedule number. This
permits the use of standard fittings and treading tools on pipes of
different schedule numbers
Piping Standard
Tubing
Copper tubing, brass tubing are used extensively in industrial
operations. Other metals, such as nicklel and stainless steel, are also
available in the form of tubing.
Although pipe specifications are based on standard nominal sizes,
tubing specs are based on the actual outside diameter with a
designated wall thickness.
Conventional system, such as the Birmingham wire gauge (BWG) are
used to indicate the wall thickness.
Piping Standard
Fitting and other piping auxiliaries
• Fittings, flanges, valves, flow meters, steam traps and many other
auxiliaries are often rated on the basis of the safe operating
pressure as:
25 psi – low pressure
125 psi - standard
250 psi – extra heavy
300 to 10,000 - hydraulic
Piping: Code and Standards
• The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) and the
American Petroleum Institute (API) have established
dimensional standards for most widely used piping components
• ANSI B31
- List of those standards can be found in the ANSI B31 code
section
- Section also lists specifications for pipe and fitting materials
and testing methods of the American Society for Testing and
Materials (ASTM)
- American Welding Society (AWS) specification
- Standard of the manufacturers Standardization Society of the
Valve and Fitting Industry (MSS)
Piping: Code and Standards
The design of piping system applied to this project is listed as
ASME B31.3
• ASME stands for American Society of Mechanical Engineer
• ASME 31.3 is actually a section of ANSI B31
• ASME (ANSI) 31.3 is a Standard Number and designation is
Chemical Plant and Petroleum Refinery Piping
• ASME (ANSI) 31.1 scope and application:
- For all piping within the property limits of the facilities engaged
in the processing or handling of chemical, petroleum or related
product unless specifically excluded by the code
• Information on latest issue can be obtain for ASME. 345 East
47th st. New York NY 10017
